{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:16:21Z","timestamp":1760148981519,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFD1300503","2020ZD0004","2022BBF02021","CAAS-ASTIP-2023-AII"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300503","2020ZD0004","2022BBF02021","CAAS-ASTIP-2023-AII"]}]},{"name":"the Major Science and Technology Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["2021YFD1300503","2020ZD0004","2022BBF02021","CAAS-ASTIP-2023-AII"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300503","2020ZD0004","2022BBF02021","CAAS-ASTIP-2023-AII"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Pro-gram of Ningxia Autonomous Region","award":["2021YFD1300503","2020ZD0004","2022BBF02021","CAAS-ASTIP-2023-AII"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300503","2020ZD0004","2022BBF02021","CAAS-ASTIP-2023-AII"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technol-ogy Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","award":["2021YFD1300503","2020ZD0004","2022BBF02021","CAAS-ASTIP-2023-AII"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1300503","2020ZD0004","2022BBF02021","CAAS-ASTIP-2023-AII"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Step counting is an effective method to assess the activity level of grazing sheep. However, existing step-counting algorithms have limited adaptability to sheep walking patterns and fail to eliminate false step counts caused by abnormal behaviors. Therefore, this study proposed a step-counting algorithm based on behavior classification designed explicitly for grazing sheep. The algorithm utilized regional peak detection and peak-to-valley difference detection to identify running and leg-shaking behaviors in sheep. It distinguished leg shaking from brisk walking behaviors through variance feature analysis. Based on the recognition results, different step-counting strategies were employed. When running behavior was detected, the algorithm divided the sampling window by the baseline step frequency and multiplied it by a scaling factor to accurately calculate the number of steps for running. No step counting was performed for leg-shaking behavior. For other behaviors, such as slow and brisk walking, a window peak detection algorithm was used for step counting. Experimental results demonstrate a significant improvement in the accuracy of the proposed algorithm compared to the peak detection-based method. In addition, the experimental results demonstrated that the average calculation error of the proposed algorithm in this study was 6.244%, while the average error of the peak detection-based step-counting algorithm was 17.556%. This indicates a significant improvement in the accuracy of the proposed algorithm compared to the peak detection method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T02:34:07Z","timestamp":1687487647000},"page":"5831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Research on Six-Axis Sensor-Based Step-Counting Algorithm for Grazing Sheep"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Chengxiang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Agricultural Information Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingwei","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianci","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Agricultural Information Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-0288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Information Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer and Information Engineering, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Agricultural Information Technology Research Centre, Urumqi 830052, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Agriculture, Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2447-2905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leifeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Information Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Wool and Cashmere Engineering Technology Research Center, Urumqi 830099, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9400-1105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruirui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in North China (Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Trotter, M., Falzon, G., Dobos, R.C., and Lamb, D. 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