{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T21:26:19Z","timestamp":1779139579572,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study introduces a brain\u2013computer interface designed and prototyped to be wearable and usable in daily life. Eight dry electroencephalographic sensors were adopted to acquire the brain activity associated with motor imagery. Multimodal feedback in extended reality was exploited to improve the online detection of neurological phenomena. Twenty-seven healthy subjects used the proposed system in five sessions to investigate the effects of feedback on motor imagery. The sample was divided into two equal-sized groups: a \u201cneurofeedback\u201d group, which performed motor imagery while receiving feedback, and a \u201ccontrol\u201d group, which performed motor imagery with no feedback. Questionnaires were administered to participants aiming to investigate the usability of the proposed system and an individual\u2019s ability to imagine movements. The highest mean classification accuracy across the subjects of the control group was about 62% with 3% associated type A uncertainty, and it was 69% with 3% uncertainty for the neurofeedback group. Moreover, the results in some cases were significantly higher for the neurofeedback group. The perceived usability by all participants was high. Overall, the study aimed at highlighting the advantages and the pitfalls of using a wearable brain\u2013computer interface with dry sensors. Notably, this technology can be adopted for safe and economically viable tele-rehabilitation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T05:11:54Z","timestamp":1687756314000},"page":"5836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Paving the Way for Motor Imagery-Based Tele-Rehabilitation through a Fully Wearable BCI System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5192-5922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Arpaia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring Laboratory (ARHeMLab), Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Management Sanitario e Innovazione in Sanit\u00e0 (CIRMIS), Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Coyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Augmented Human, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"},{"name":"Intelligent Systems Research Centre, University of Ulster, Derry BT48 7JL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring Laboratory (ARHeMLab), Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Natalizio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring Laboratory (ARHeMLab), Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9723-6188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Parvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5671-6433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Pesola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring Laboratory (ARHeMLab), Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3952-1500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ersilia","family":"Vallefuoco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augmented Reality for Health Monitoring Laboratory (ARHeMLab), Universit\u00e0 Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38122 Rovereto, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Tele-rehabilitation: Present and future","volume":"44","author":"Zampolini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. 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