{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T17:49:38Z","timestamp":1781891378906,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["953432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["953432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sapienza University of Rome","award":["953432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["953432"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The capability of measuring specific neurophysiological and autonomic parameters plays a crucial role in the objective evaluation of a human\u2019s mental and emotional states. These human aspects are commonly known in the scientific literature to be involved in a wide range of processes, such as stress and arousal. These aspects represent a relevant factor especially in real and operational environments. Neurophysiological autonomic parameters, such as Electrodermal Activity (EDA) and Photoplethysmographic data (PPG), have been usually investigated through research-graded devices, therefore resulting in a high degree of invasiveness, which could negatively interfere with the monitored user\u2019s activity. For such a reason, in the last decade, recent consumer-grade wearable devices, usually designed for fitness-tracking purposes, are receiving increasing attention from the scientific community, and are characterized by a higher comfort, ease of use and, therefore, by a higher compatibility with daily-life environments. The present preliminary study was aimed at assessing the reliability of a consumer wearable device, i.e., the Fitbit Sense, with respect to a research-graded wearable, i.e., the Empatica E4 wristband, and a laboratory device, i.e., the Shimmer GSR3+. EDA and PPG data were collected among 12 participants while they performed multiple resting conditions. The results demonstrated that the EDA- and PPG-derived features computed through the wearable and research devices were positively and significantly correlated, while the reliability of the consumer device was significantly lower.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T05:11:54Z","timestamp":1687756314000},"page":"5847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Wearable Technologies for Electrodermal and Cardiac Activity Measurements: A Comparison between Fitbit Sense, Empatica E4 and Shimmer GSR3+"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7174-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Ronca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Martinez-Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8584-5023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Vozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-3389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3831-6620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Aric\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella","family":"Capotorto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-5671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Borghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4962-176X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Babiloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4426-051X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Di Flumeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BrainSigns Srl, 00198 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ronca, V., Rossi, D., Di Florio, A., Di Flumeri, G., Aric\u00f2, P., Sciaraffa, N., Vozzi, A., Babiloni, F., and Borghini, G. 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