{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T10:22:02Z","timestamp":1767867722929,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI)","award":["22K14267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K14267"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI)","award":["21H04888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H04888"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI)","award":["26280053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26280053"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) Special Funds for \u201cCooperative Research Project of Research Center for Biomedical Engineering\u201d","award":["22K14267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K14267"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) Special Funds for \u201cCooperative Research Project of Research Center for Biomedical Engineering\u201d","award":["21H04888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H04888"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) Special Funds for \u201cCooperative Research Project of Research Center for Biomedical Engineering\u201d","award":["26280053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26280053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The molecule 2-nonenal is renowned as the origin of unpleasant human aging-related body odor that can potentially indicate age-related metabolic changes. Most 2-nonenal measurements rely on chromatographic analytical systems, which pose challenges in terms of daily usage and the ability to track changes in concentration over time. In this study, we have developed liquid- and gas-phase biosensors (bio-sniffers) with the aim of enabling facile and continuous measurement of trans-2-nonenal vapor. Initially, we compared two types of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [NAD(P)]-dependent enzymes that have the catalytic ability of trans-2-nonenal: aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and enone reductase 1 (ER1). The developed sensor quantified the trans-2-nonanal concentration by measuring fluorescence (excitation: 340 nm, emission: 490 nm) emitted from NAD(P)H that was generated or consumed by ALDH or ER1. The ALDH biosensor reacted to a variety of aldehydes including trans-2-nonenal, whereas the ER1 biosensor showed high selectivity. In contrast, the ALDH bio-sniffer showed quantitative characteristics for trans-2-nonenal vapor at a concentration range of 0.4\u20137.5 ppm (with a theoretical limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.23 and 0.26 ppm, respectively), including a reported concentration (0.85\u20134.35 ppm), whereas the ER1 bio-sniffer detected only 0.4 and 0.8 ppm. Based on these findings, headspace gas of skin-wiped alcohol-absorbed cotton collected from study participants in their 20s and 50s was measured by the ALDH bio-sniffer. Consequently, age-related differences in signals were observed, suggesting the potential for measuring trans-2-nonenal vapor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T05:11:54Z","timestamp":1687756314000},"page":"5857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gas-Phase Biosensors (Bio-Sniffers) for Measurement of 2-Nonenal, the Causative Volatile Molecule of Human Aging-Related Body Odor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5608-8863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenta","family":"Iitani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hidehisa","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5864-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenta","family":"Ichikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1555-1281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahiro","family":"Arakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Electric and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1603-6174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0709-4957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kohji","family":"Mitsubayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 101-0062, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014001","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/8\/1\/014001","article-title":"A Review of the Volatiles from the Healthy Human Body","volume":"8","author":"Amann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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