{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:41:37Z","timestamp":1760128897252,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011871","name":"Research Promotion Department of PUCP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAI-0019-2021","051-2018-FONDECYT-BM-IADT-AV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAI-0019-2021","051-2018-FONDECYT-BM-IADT-AV"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010747","name":"CONCYTEC\u2014World Bank Project \u201cMejoramiento y Ampliaci\u00f3n de los Servicios del Sistema Nacional de Ciencia Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica\u201d 8682-PE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAI-0019-2021","051-2018-FONDECYT-BM-IADT-AV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAI-0019-2021","051-2018-FONDECYT-BM-IADT-AV"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science Department of PUCP","award":["FAI-0019-2021","051-2018-FONDECYT-BM-IADT-AV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAI-0019-2021","051-2018-FONDECYT-BM-IADT-AV"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pisco is an alcoholic beverage obtained from grape juice distillation. Considered the flagship drink of Peru, it is produced following strict and specific quality standards. In this work, sensing results for volatile compounds in pisco, obtained with an electronic nose, were analyzed through the application of machine learning algorithms for the differentiation of pisco varieties. This differentiation aids in verifying beverage quality, considering the parameters established in its Designation of Origin\u201d. For signal processing, neural networks, multiclass support vector machines and random forest machine learning algorithms were implemented in MATLAB. In addition, data augmentation was performed using a proposed procedure based on interpolation\u2013extrapolation. All algorithms trained with augmented data showed an increase in performance and more reliable predictions compared to those trained with raw data. From the comparison of these results, it was found that the best performance was achieved with neural networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T05:28:02Z","timestamp":1687757282000},"page":"5864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Application of Machine Learning Algorithms to Classify Peruvian Pisco Varieties Using an Electronic Nose"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0762-4612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celso","family":"De-La-Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4812-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Trevejo-Pinedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Visurraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9262-2506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Echevarr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Pinedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3338-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freddy","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0432-3013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda R.","family":"Sun-Kou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Lima 15088, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossow, I., Bye, E., Moan, I., Kilian, C., and Bramness, J. (2021). Changes in Alcohol Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic\u2014Small Change in Total Consumption, but Increase in Proportion of Heavy Drinkers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084231"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"CONCYTEC (2022). IVAI. Destilados Premium, Iniciativas de Vinculaci\u00f3n Para Acelerar la Innovaci\u00f3n, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Huertas, L. (2011). Cronolog\u00eda de la Producci\u00f3n del Vino y del Pisco, Universidad Ricardo Palma."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"INDECOPI (2011). Reglamento de la Denominaci\u00f3n de Origen Pisco, Instituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Protecci\u00f3n de la Propiedad Intelectual."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"INACAL (2011). Bebidas Alcoh\u00f3licas. Pisco. Requisitos, Instituto Nacional de Calidad. NTP 211.001.2006."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Buiatti, S. (2008). Beer in Health and Disease Prevention, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"13","article-title":"Evoluci\u00f3n del contenido de etanol, metanol, aldeh\u00eddos, alcoholes superiores y furfural durante la destilaci\u00f3n del Pisco Italia, y su relaci\u00f3n con los puntos de corte","volume":"2","author":"Gallegos","year":"2019","journal-title":"\u00d1awparisun Rev. Investig. Cient\u00edfica"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1021\/jf000907g","article-title":"Monitoring ester formation in grape juice fermentations using solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography\u2014Mass spectrometry","volume":"49","author":"Vianna","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Toledo-Herrera, V. (2012). Evoluci\u00f3n de los Componentes Vol\u00e1tiles del Pisco Puro Quebranta (Vitis vin\u00edfera L. var. Quebranta) Obtenido de la Destilaci\u00f3n en Falca y Alambique a Diferentes Condiciones de Aireaci\u00f3n Durante la Etapa de Reposo. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Engineer in Food Industries, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina]."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"128","article-title":"Influencia del nivel de fermentaci\u00f3n del vino base sobre algunos compuestos vol\u00e1tiles del Pisco peruano de uva Italia","volume":"82","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Qu\u00edmica Per\u00fa"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1","article-title":"Descifrando las claves qu\u00edmicas que explican el aroma del vino","volume":"127","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACE Rev. Enol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.3105","article-title":"Characterization of the aromatic profile of the Quebranta variety of Peruvian pisco by gas chromatography-olfactometry and chemical analysis","volume":"27","author":"Cacho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2012.07.065","article-title":"Characterization of the aromatic profile of the Italia variety of Peruvian pisco by gas chromatography-olfactometry and gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization and mass spectrometry detection systems","volume":"49","author":"Cacho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.3171","article-title":"Comparison of the aromatic profile of three aromatic varieties of Peruvian pisco (Albilla, Muscat and Torontel) by chemical analysis and gas chromatography-olfactometry","volume":"28","author":"Cacho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2013.07.019","article-title":"The impact of grape variety on the aromatic chemical composition of non-aromatic Peruvian pisco","volume":"54","author":"Cacho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.02.041","article-title":"Electronic nose predicts high and low fumonisin contamination in maize cultures","volume":"44","author":"Gobbi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sberveglieri, G., Zambotti, G., Falasconi, M., Gobbi, E., and Sberveglieri, V. (2014, January 2\u20135). MOX-NW electronic nose for detection of food microbial contamination. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE SENSORS, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2014.6985268"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-017-1962-8","article-title":"Assessment of shelf lives of black pepper and small cardamom cookies by metal oxide-based electronic nose using spoilage index","volume":"10","author":"Dutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.04.025","article-title":"Study of peach freshness predictive method based on electronic nose","volume":"28","author":"Guohua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.postharvbio.2019.01.016","article-title":"Selection of an optimized metal oxide semiconductor sensor (MOS) array for freshness characterization of strawberry in polymer packages using response surface method (RSM)","volume":"151","author":"Yoosefian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-020-00506-0","article-title":"Qualitative analysis of edible oil oxidation using an olfactory machine","volume":"14","author":"Karami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.12.280","article-title":"Discrimination and identification of geographical origin virgin olive oil by an e-nose based on MOS sensors and pattern recognition techniques","volume":"25","author":"Haddi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2012.2184011","article-title":"Recognition of coffee using differential electronic nose","volume":"61","author":"Brudzewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.1280","article-title":"Geographical origin identification of pure Sri Lanka tea infusions with electronic nose, electronic tongue and sensory profile analysis","volume":"24","author":"Dalmadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chemom."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, J., and Lozano, J. (2015, January 11\u201313). Real time detection of beer defects with a handheld electronic nose. Proceedings of the 2015 10th Spanish Conference on Electron Devices (CDE), Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/CDE.2015.7087492"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Debabhuti, N., Sharma, P., Ali, S.B., Tudu, B., Bandyopadhyay, R., Sarkar, M.P., and Bhattacharyya, N. (2019, January 26\u201329). Discrimination of the maturity stages of Indian mango using QCM based electronic nose. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN), Fukuoka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISOEN.2019.8823154"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.04.100","article-title":"Discrimination and growth tracking of fungi contamination in peaches using electronic nose","volume":"262","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.03.011","article-title":"The prediction of food additives in the fruit juice based on electronic nose with chemometrics","volume":"230","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2014.07.019","article-title":"Electronic noses for food quality: A review","volume":"144","author":"Loutfi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7015","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3147185","article-title":"The Use of Electronic Nose for the Classification of Blended and Single Malt Scotch Whisky","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3144689","article-title":"A Double Triangular Feature-Based Sensor Sequence Coding Approach for Identify Chinese Liquors Using An E-nose System","volume":"22","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Devries, T., and Taylor, G. (2017). Improved Regularization of Convolutional Neural Networks with Cutout. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, S.C., Gatt, A., Stamatescu, V., and McDonnell, M.D. Understanding Data Augmentation for Classification: When to Warp? In Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications, DICTA 2016, Gold Coast, Australia, 30 November\u20132 December 2016.","DOI":"10.1109\/DICTA.2016.7797091"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Data augmentation for support vector machines","volume":"6","author":"Polson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bayesian Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953","article-title":"SMOTE: Synthetic minority over-sampling technique","volume":"16","author":"Chawla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2022.104054","article-title":"Machine learning and data augmentation approach for identification of rare earth element potential in Indiana Coals, USA","volume":"259","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2022.05.090","article-title":"A novel model-independent data augmentation method for fault diagnosis in smart manufacturing","volume":"107","author":"Lyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Renani, M.S., Eustace, A.M., Myers, C.A., and Clary, C.W. (2021). The Use of Synthetic IMU Signals in the Training of Deep Kinematic Predictions. Sensors, 21."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10240","article-title":"Data augmentation strategies for EEG-based motor imagery decoding","volume":"8","author":"George","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017511","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ac4a4f","article-title":"SnO2-TiO2 and SnO2-MoO3 Based Composite Gas Sensors to Develop an E-nose for Peruvian Pisco Varieties Differentiation","volume":"169","author":"Visurraga","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130011","article-title":"Applications of artificial intelligence in water treatment for optimization and automation of adsorption processes: Recent advances and prospects","volume":"427","author":"Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2020.02.022","article-title":"Column breakthrough studies for the removal and recovery of phosphate by lime-iron sludge: Modeling and optimization using artificial neural network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system","volume":"28","author":"Chittoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18040","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18223-y","article-title":"Modeling and prediction of copper removal from aqueous solutions by nZVI\/rGO magnetic nanocomposites using ANN-GA and ANN-PSO","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2023, June 08). GICA-PUCP GitHub Repository. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/GICA-PUCP\/Peruvian-Pisco-Classification."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5864\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:59:52Z","timestamp":1760126392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23135864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23135864","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]]}}}