{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:50:42Z","timestamp":1783702242912,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]],"date-time":"2023-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this work, a highly miniaturized microstrip antenna array based on two elements is proposed for multiple inputs multiple outputs (MIMO) application systems at sub-6 GHz frequency bands. The antenna is structured from a meander line in conjugate with an interdigital capacitor when excited through the monopole basic antenna. The proposed antenna elements are separated with a Minkowski factor-shaped metamaterial (MTM) column to achieve a separation distance (D) of 0.08\u03bb at 3 GHz when printed on an FR-4 substrate. Later on, the antenna performance in terms of bandwidth and gain is controlled using a photonic process based on optical active switches based on light-dependent resistances (LDR). Therefore, the reconfiguration complexity with such a technique can be eliminated significantly without the need for a biasing circuit. The antenna design was conducted through several parametric studies to arrive at the optimal design that realizes the frequency bandwidth between 3 and 5.5 GHz with a maximum gain of about 4.5 dBi when all LDR terminals are off. For a wireless channel performance study-based massive MIMO environment, the proposed antenna is suitable to be configured in arrays of 64 \u00d7 64 elements. From this study, it was found the maximum bit error rate (BER) does not exceed 0.15 with a channel capacity (CC) of 2 Gbps. For validation, the antenna was fabricated based on two elements and tested experimentally. Finally, it was revealed that the measured results agree very well with simulations after comparing the theoretical calculations with the measured data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T05:28:02Z","timestamp":1687757282000},"page":"5871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Miniaturized Antenna Array-Based Novel Metamaterial Technology for Reconfigurable MIMO Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8452-4511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humam","family":"Hussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Karabuk University, Karabuk 78050, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1672-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferhat","family":"Atasoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Karabuk University, Karabuk 78050, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8389-5457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taha A.","family":"Elwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Applied and Theoretical Research Center (IATRC), Baghdad 10001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.7716\/aem.v7i3.765","article-title":"A Dual-Band Printed Slot Antenna for WiMAX and Metrological Wireless Applications","volume":"7","author":"Mezaal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. 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