{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T22:16:21Z","timestamp":1781820981935,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]],"date-time":"2023-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["NRF-2020R1A2B5B03001480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2B5B03001480"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","award":["2021RIS-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-003"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["NRF-2020R1A2B5B03001480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2B5B03001480"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["2021RIS-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, there has been a growing need for sensors that can operate autonomously without requiring an external power source. This is especially important in applications where conventional power sources, such as batteries, are impractical or difficult to replace. Self-powered sensors have emerged as a promising solution to this challenge, offering a range of benefits such as low cost, high stability, and environmental friendliness. One of the most promising self-powered sensor technologies is the L\u2013S TENG, which stands for liquid\u2013solid triboelectric nanogenerator. This technology works by harnessing the mechanical energy generated by external stimuli such as pressure, touch, or vibration, and converting it into electrical energy that can be used to power sensors and other electronic devices. Therefore, self-powered sensors based on L\u2013S TENGs\u2014which provide numerous benefits such as rapid responses, portability, cost-effectiveness, and miniaturization\u2014are critical for increasing living standards and optimizing industrial processes. In this review paper, the working principle with three basic modes is first briefly introduced. After that, the parameters that affect L\u2013S TENGs are reviewed based on the properties of the liquid and solid phases. With different working principles, L\u2013S TENGs have been used to design many structures that function as self-powered sensors for pressure\/force change, liquid flow motion, concentration, and chemical detection or biochemical sensing. Moreover, the continuous output signal of a TENG plays an important role in the functioning of real-time sensors that is vital for the growth of the Internet of Things.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T05:28:02Z","timestamp":1687757282000},"page":"5888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Recent Progress in Self-Powered Sensors Based on Liquid\u2013Solid Triboelectric Nanogenerators"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0777-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quang Tan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duy Linh","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chau Duy","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Vietnam National University Ho Chi MInh City, Linh Trung Ward, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7927-3348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoung Kwan","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.116670","article-title":"Design and optimization of bio-inspired wave-like channel for a PEM fuel cell applying genetic algorithm","volume":"192","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muetze, A., and Vining, J.G. 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