{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T21:29:30Z","timestamp":1781731770739,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Army Research Office","award":["W911NF-13-D-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-13-D-0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blood viscosity is the defining health indicator for hyperviscosity syndrome patients. This paper introduces an alternative approach for the real-time monitoring of blood viscosity by employing a surface-horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) device at room temperature. A novel bi-layer waveguide is constructed on top of the SAW device. This device enables the SAW sensing of liquid droplets utilizing a bi-layer waveguide, consisting of a zinc oxide (ZnO) enhancement layer and Parlyene C, that facilitates the promotion of the surface horizontal mode. The ZnO piezoelectric thin-film layer enhanced the local particle displacement and dielectric coupling while the Parylene C layer constrained the wave mode at the interface of the piezoelectric material and polymer material. The device was tested with a liquid drop on the SAW delay-line path. Both experimental and finite element analysis results demonstrated the benefits of the bi-layer waveguide. The simulation results confirmed that the displacement field of local particles increased 9 times from 1.261 nm to 11.353 nm with the Parylene C\/ZnO bi-layer waveguide structure. The device demonstrated a sensitivity of 3.57 \u00b1 0.3125 kHz shift per centipoise enabling the potential for high precision blood viscosity monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T02:11:22Z","timestamp":1687831882000},"page":"5911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Liquid Viscosity Sensor Using a Surface Acoustic Wave Device for Medical Applications Including Blood and Plasma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6222-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun-Lin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen","family":"Kowach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5660-7480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana","family":"Voiculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01329","article-title":"Blood Rheology: Key Parameters, Impact on Blood Flow, Role in Sickle Cell Disease and Effects of Exercise","volume":"10","author":"Nader","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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