{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T15:05:44Z","timestamp":1777734344886,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation (NSF) Partnership for Innovations (PFI) and Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1827769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1827769"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation (NSF) Partnership for Innovations (PFI) and Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2137255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2137255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSF Industry\u2013University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) center","award":["1827769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1827769"]}]},{"name":"NSF Industry\u2013University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) center","award":["2137255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2137255"]}]},{"name":"Jazan University","award":["1827769"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1827769"]}]},{"name":"Jazan University","award":["2137255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2137255"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: We designed and validated a wireless, low-cost, easy-to-use, mobile, dry-electrode headset for scalp electroencephalography (EEG) recordings for closed-loop brain\u2013computer (BCI) interface and internet-of-things (IoT) applications. Approach: The EEG-based BCI headset was designed from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components using a multi-pronged approach that balanced interoperability, cost, portability, usability, form factor, reliability, and closed-loop operation. Main Results: The adjustable headset was designed to accommodate 90% of the population. A patent-pending self-positioning dry electrode bracket allowed for vertical self-positioning while parting the user\u2019s hair to ensure contact of the electrode with the scalp. In the current prototype, five EEG electrodes were incorporated in the electrode bracket spanning the sensorimotor cortices bilaterally, and three skin sensors were included to measure eye movement and blinks. An inertial measurement unit (IMU) provides monitoring of head movements. The EEG amplifier operates with 24-bit resolution up to 500 Hz sampling frequency and can communicate with other devices using 802.11 b\/g\/n WiFi. It has high signal\u2013to\u2013noise ratio (SNR) and common\u2013mode rejection ratio (CMRR) (121 dB and 110 dB, respectively) and low input noise. In closed-loop BCI mode, the system can operate at 40 Hz, including real-time adaptive noise cancellation and 512 MB of processor memory. It supports LabVIEW as a backend coding language and JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), and HyperText Markup Language (HTML) as front-end coding languages and includes training and optimization of support vector machine (SVM) neural classifiers. Extensive bench testing supports the technical specifications and human-subject pilot testing of a closed-loop BCI application to support upper-limb rehabilitation and provides proof-of-concept validation for the device\u2019s use at both the clinic and at home. Significance: The usability, interoperability, portability, reliability, and programmability of the proposed wireless closed-loop BCI system provides a low-cost solution for BCI and neurorehabilitation research and IoT applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T02:11:22Z","timestamp":1687831882000},"page":"5930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Design and Validation of a Low-Cost Mobile EEG-Based Brain\u2013Computer Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3871-1839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Craik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"},{"name":"Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems Laboratory, NSF Industry\u2014University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-7762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Espa\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"},{"name":"Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems Laboratory, NSF Industry\u2014University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8598-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"Alamir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems Laboratory, NSF Industry\u2014University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Edquilang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0911-1088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems Laboratory, NSF Industry\u2014University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5021-8577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianne","family":"S\u00e1nchez Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"},{"name":"Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems Laboratory, NSF Industry\u2014University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5777-1250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems Laboratory, NSF Industry\u2014University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"},{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5681-1916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard E.","family":"Francisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"The Institute for Rehabilitation and Research (TIRR) Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6499-1208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose L.","family":"Contreras-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA"},{"name":"Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems Laboratory, NSF Industry\u2014University Cooperative Research Center for Building Reliable Advances and Innovations in Neurotechnology (IUCRC BRAIN) Center, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, 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