{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:16:23Z","timestamp":1760148983230,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technologieallianz Oberfranken (TAO)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The loosening of an artificial joint is a frequent and critical complication in orthopedics and trauma surgery. Due to a lack of accuracy, conventional diagnostic methods such as projection radiography cannot reliably diagnose loosening in its early stages or detect whether it is associated with the formation of a biofilm at the bone\u2013implant interface. In this work, we present a non-invasive ultrasound-based interferometric measurement procedure for quantifying the thickness of the layer between bone and prosthesis as a correlate to loosening. In principle, it also allows for the material characterization of the interface. A well-known analytical model for the superposition of sound waves reflected in a three-layer system was combined with a new method in data processing to be suitable for medical application at the bone\u2013implant interface. By non-linear fitting of the theoretical prediction of the model to the actual shape of the reflected sound waves in the frequency domain, the thickness of the interlayer can be determined and predictions about its physical properties are possible. With respect to determining the layer\u2019s thickness, the presented approach was successfully applied to idealized test systems and a bone\u2013implant system in the range of approx. 200 \u00b5m to 2 mm. After further optimization and adaptation, as well as further experimental tests, the procedure offers great potential to significantly improve the diagnosis of prosthesis loosening at an early stage and may also be applicable to detecting the formation of a biofilm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T02:11:22Z","timestamp":1687831882000},"page":"5942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ultrasonic Interferometric Procedure for Quantifying the Bone\u2013Implant Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5851-8001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"L\u00fctzelberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sensor and Actuator Technology (ISAT), Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Am Hofbr\u00e4uhaus 1b, 96450 Coburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Arneth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sensor and Actuator Technology (ISAT), Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Am Hofbr\u00e4uhaus 1b, 96450 Coburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Franck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery and Orthopedics, REGIOMED Clinical Center Coburg, Ketschendorfer Str. 33, 96450 Coburg, Germany"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8829-1161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus Stefan","family":"Drese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sensor and Actuator Technology (ISAT), Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Am Hofbr\u00e4uhaus 1b, 96450 Coburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krukemeyer, M., and M\u00f6llenhoff, G. (2013). Endoprothetik: Ein Leitfaden f\u00fcr den Praktiker, De Gruyter. Chapter 6.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110286991"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"784","article-title":"Fr\u00fchlockerung von H\u00fcftgelenkendoprothesen","volume":"100","author":"Katzer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dtsch. \u00c4rzteblatt"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s41785-018-0640-z","article-title":"Wenn Komplikationen nicht ausbleiben","volume":"8","author":"Jeschke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orth Unf."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"270","article-title":"Ursachen, Diagnostik und Therapie der aseptischen H\u00fcftendoprothesenlockerung\u2014Eine Standortbestimmung","volume":"135","author":"Wirtz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Z. Orthop\u00e4die Unf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00064-015-0362-3","article-title":"Diagnostik der infizierten H\u00fcftendoprothese","volume":"27","author":"Rudert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oper. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2012.03.004","article-title":"Imaging orthopedic implant infections","volume":"93","author":"Cyteval","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-015-3183-z","article-title":"Pathophysiologie der implantatassoziierten Infektion: Vom Biofilm zur Osteolyse und septischen Lockerung","volume":"44","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthopade"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fokter, S. (2012). Recent Advances in Arthroplasty, InTech. Chapter 17.","DOI":"10.5772\/1445"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00002-X","article-title":"Accurate diagnosis of hip prosthesis loosening using a vibrational technique","volume":"16","author":"Georgiou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-017-1941-2","article-title":"Knee Implant Loosening Detection: A Vibration Analysis Investigation","volume":"46","author":"Arami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2007.04.017","article-title":"Bone vibration measurement using ultrasound: Application to detection of hip prosthesis loosening","volume":"30","author":"Rowlands","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/s130100001","article-title":"Investigation of a passive sensor array for diagnosis of loosening of endoprosthetic implants","volume":"13","author":"Ruther","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laugier, P., and Ha\u00efat, G. (2011). Bone Quantitative Ultrasound, Springer. [1st ed.]. Chapter 7.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0017-8"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2007.12.011","article-title":"Quantitative Ultrasound in the Management of Osteoporosis: The 2007 ISCD Official Positions","volume":"11","author":"Krieg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Densitom."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.6765","article-title":"Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound as a determinant of bone health status: What properties of bone does it reflect?","volume":"10","author":"Chin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-014-0205-4","article-title":"Ultrasound to assess bone quality","volume":"12","author":"Raum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Osteoporos. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-624X(89)90068-1","article-title":"Amplitude spectrum method for the measurement of phase velocity","volume":"27","author":"Pialucha","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00567568","article-title":"A New Technique for Time-Domain Ultrasonic NDE of Thin Plates","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nondestruct. Eval."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-624X(94)90062-0","article-title":"The detection of thin embedded layers using normal incidence ultrasound","volume":"32","author":"Pialucha","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1121\/1.409998","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of the acoustical properties of a thin-layered medium: The inverse problem","volume":"95","author":"Kinra","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2002.1018","article-title":"The measurement of lubricant\u2013film thickness using ultrasound","volume":"459","author":"Drinkwater","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1023\/B:TRIL.0000032472.64419.1f","article-title":"A Method for the Measurement of Hydrodynamic Oil Films Using Ultrasonic Reflection","volume":"17","author":"Harper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tribol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/05698190490455410","article-title":"Operating Limits for Acoustic Measurement of Rolling Bearing Oil Film Thickness","volume":"47","author":"Reddyhoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tribol. Trans."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1243\/135065005X34044","article-title":"The Phase Shift of an Ultrasonic Pulse at an Oil Layer and Determination of Film Thickness","volume":"219","author":"Reddyhoff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J J. Eng. Tribol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1080\/10402000801918080","article-title":"A New Approach for the Measurement of Film Thickness in Liquid Face Seals","volume":"51","author":"Reddyhoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tribol. Trans."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045402","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/19\/4\/045402","article-title":"Auto-calibration of ultrasonic lubricant-film thickness measurements","volume":"19","author":"Reddyhoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1177\/1350650115571994","article-title":"An extended ultrasonic time-of-flight method for measuring lubricant film thickness","volume":"229","author":"Geng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J J. Eng. Tribol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.96B10.33461","article-title":"The role of inter-prosthetic distance, cortical thickness and bone mineral density in the development of inter-prosthetic fractures of the femur: A biomedical cadaver study","volume":"96","author":"Weiser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040104","article-title":"Comparison of cross-sectional geometry of the proximal femur in white and black women from Detroit and Johannesburg","volume":"19","author":"Nelson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii27","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl081","article-title":"The role of cortical bone and its microstructure in bone strength","volume":"35","author":"Augat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/6\/7\/305","article-title":"The ultrasonic pulse-echo technique as applied to adhesion testing","volume":"6","author":"Tattersall","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2478\/aoa-2014-0056","article-title":"Spatial and Frequency Compounding in Application to Attenuation Estimation in Tissue","volume":"39","author":"Klimonda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azzalini, A., and Capitanio, A. (2013). The Skew-Normal and Related Families, Cambridge University Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139248891"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1121\/1.380462","article-title":"Speed of sound in seawater as a function of temperature and salinity at 1 atm","volume":"57","author":"Millero","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1121\/1.406819","article-title":"Speed of sound in pure water as a function of temperature","volume":"93","author":"Bilaniuk","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Kuchling, H. (2014). Taschenbuch der Physik, Carl Hanser Verlag. [21st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"L. Klein AG (2023, March 08). Cobalt CCM: Kobalt-Chrom-Molybd\u00e4n-Legierung, Austenitisch, Korrosionsbest\u00e4ndig. Available online: http:\/\/www.kleinmetals.ch\/shop\/datenblatt\/D\/751.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Salehi, L. (2016). Nonlinear Tomographic Reconstruction of Elastic Properties of Isotropic Solid Materials from Ultrasound Measurements. [Ph.D. Thesis, Ruhr Universit\u00e4t]. Available online: http:\/\/hss-opus.ub.ruhr-unibochum.de\/opus4\/frontdoor\/index\/index\/docId\/5208."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new Elastomeric Wedge or Delayline Material","volume":"14","author":"Ginzel","year":"2009","journal-title":"e-J. Nondestruct. Test."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azhari, H. (2010). Basics of Biomedical Ultrasound for Engineers, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470561478"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ono, K. (2020). A Comprehensive Report on Ultrasonic Attenuation of Engineering Materials, Including Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Fiber-Reinforced Composites, Wood, and Rocks. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10072230"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlegel, W., Karger, C.P., and J\u00e4kel, O. (2018). Medizinische Physik, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54801-1"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5942\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:01:26Z","timestamp":1760126486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23135942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23135942","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]}}}