{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:45:45Z","timestamp":1784544345470,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund","award":["226Z5404G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226Z5404G"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund","award":["D2022508002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2022508002"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund","award":["300102262513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102262513"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund","award":["SKLGP2021K005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGP2021K005"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund","award":["21567693H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21567693H"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund","award":["2019M651786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M651786"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund","award":["SYG202034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYG202034"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["226Z5404G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226Z5404G"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["D2022508002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2022508002"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["300102262513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102262513"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["SKLGP2021K005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGP2021K005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["21567693H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21567693H"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["2019M651786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M651786"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["SYG202034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYG202034"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226Z5404G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226Z5404G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D2022508002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2022508002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["300102262513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102262513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLGP2021K005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGP2021K005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21567693H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21567693H"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M651786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M651786"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SYG202034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYG202034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection In-dependent Research","award":["226Z5404G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226Z5404G"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection In-dependent Research","award":["D2022508002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2022508002"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection In-dependent Research","award":["300102262513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102262513"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection In-dependent Research","award":["SKLGP2021K005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGP2021K005"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection In-dependent Research","award":["21567693H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21567693H"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection In-dependent Research","award":["2019M651786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M651786"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection In-dependent Research","award":["SYG202034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYG202034"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan","award":["226Z5404G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226Z5404G"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan","award":["D2022508002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2022508002"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan","award":["300102262513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102262513"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan","award":["SKLGP2021K005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGP2021K005"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan","award":["21567693H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21567693H"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan","award":["2019M651786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M651786"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan","award":["SYG202034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYG202034"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226Z5404G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226Z5404G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D2022508002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2022508002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["300102262513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102262513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLGP2021K005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGP2021K005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21567693H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21567693H"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M651786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M651786"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SYG202034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYG202034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Suzhou Science and Technology Plan","award":["226Z5404G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226Z5404G"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Science and Technology Plan","award":["D2022508002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2022508002"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Science and Technology Plan","award":["300102262513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102262513"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Science and Technology Plan","award":["SKLGP2021K005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGP2021K005"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Science and Technology Plan","award":["21567693H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21567693H"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Science and Technology Plan","award":["2019M651786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M651786"]}]},{"name":"Suzhou Science and Technology Plan","award":["SYG202034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYG202034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Underground coal mining can cause the deformation, failure, and collapse of the overlying rock mass of a coal seam. If the mining design, monitoring, early warning, or emergency disposal are improper, in that case, it can often lead to mining disasters such as roof falls, water inrush, surface collapse, and ground fissures, seriously threatening the safety of mine engineering and the geological environment protection in mining areas. To ensure the intrinsic security of the entire coal mining process, aspace\u2013time continuous sensing system of overburden deformation and failure was developed, which breaks through the limitations of traditional monitoring methods that characterize the evolution process of overlying rock deformation and ground subsidence. This paper summarizes the classification of typical overburden deformation and failure modes. It researches the space\u2013time continuous sensing of rock\u2013soil mass above the coal seam based on Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing (DFOS). A multi-range strain optical fiber sensing neural series from micron to meter was developed to achieve synchronous sensing of overburden separation, internal micro\u2013cracks, and large rock mass deformation. The sensing cable\u2013rock mass coupling test verified the reliability of the optical fiber monitoring data. The sensing neural network of overburden deformation was constructed using integrated optical fiber layout technology on the ground and underground. Different sensing nerves\u2019 performance and application effects in overburden deformation and failure monitoring were compared and analyzed with field monitoring examples. A physical model was used to carry out the experimental study on the overburden subsidence prediction during coal mining. The results showed that the optical fiber monitoring data were reliable and could be used to predict overburden subsidence. The reliability of the calculation model for overlying rock subsidence based on space\u2013time continuous optical fiber sensing data was verified in the application of mining subsidence evaluation. A systematic review of the shortcomings of current overburden deformation observation technology during coal mining was conducted, and a space\u2013time continuous sensing system for overburden deformation and failure was proposed. This system integrated sensing, transmission, processing, early warning, decision-making, and emergency response. Based on the fusion of multi-parameter sensing, multi-method transmission, multi-algorithm processing, and multi-threshold early warning, the system realized the real-time acquisition of space\u2013time continuous information for the overburden above coal seams. This system utilizes long-term historical monitoring data from the research area for data mining and modeling, realizing the prediction and evaluation of the evolution process of overburden deformation as well as the potential for mining subsidence. This work provides a theoretical reference for the prevention and control of mining disasters and the environmental carrying capacity evaluation of coal development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:45:11Z","timestamp":1687913111000},"page":"5947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Research on a Space\u2013Time Continuous Sensing System for Overburden Deformation and Failure during Coal Mining"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Gang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, China"},{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"},{"name":"Nanjing University High-Tech Institute at Suzhou, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenxue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing 101601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6034-3062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecological Geology and Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianbin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"China coal resource exploitation and environmental protection","volume":"27","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Green mining of coal resources","volume":"1","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Shaanxi Coal"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-019-01811-x","article-title":"Investigations into mining-induced stress\u2013fracture\u2013seepage field coupling effect considering the response of key stratum and composite aquifer","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2015.04.025","article-title":"Relationships between permeability, porosity and effective stress for low-permeability sedimentary rock","volume":"78","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-015-0135-6","article-title":"A field study on distributed fiber optic deformation monitoring of overlying strata during coal mining","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"673","article-title":"On field and their coupling in engineering geology","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Peng, W.Q. (2006). Study on the Failure of Overlying Rock in Mining Shallow Thick Coal Seam by Slicing Method. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"31","article-title":"Conditions required for equilibrium of overlying strata at working areas","volume":"2","author":"Qian","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. China Inst. Min. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"13","article-title":"A study of the behavior of overlying strata in longwall mining and its application to strata control","volume":"32","author":"Qian","year":"1981","journal-title":"Dev. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"6","article-title":"\u201cS\u2013R\u201d stability for the voussoir beam and its application","volume":"21","author":"Qian","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ground Press. Strat. Control"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"9","article-title":"The fracture type of main roof and their effects on roof pressure in coal face","volume":"15","author":"Qian","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. China Inst. Min. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Beijing Mining Research Institute of Chinese Coal Science Research Institute (1981). The Laws of Ground Subsidence Andoverburden Failure and It\u2019s Applications on Coal Mines, China Coal Industry Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Song, Z.Q. (1988). Practical Mine Pressure Control, China University of Mining and Technology Press."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"51","article-title":"\u201cFour-zone\u201d model of rockmass movement and back analysis of dynamic displacement","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"225","article-title":"Theoretical study of key stratum in ground control","volume":"21","author":"Qian","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"366","article-title":"Basic structure forms of main roof","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"453","article-title":"Study of OX\u2013F\u2013T spatial structure evolution of overlying strata coal mines","volume":"31","author":"Dou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2021.102706","article-title":"Experimental study on a new method to forecasting goaf pressure based key strata deformation detected using optic fiber sensors","volume":"67","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2018.12.026","article-title":"Analysis of test method for physical model test of mining based on optical fiber sensing technology detection","volume":"48","author":"Chai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2021.102640","article-title":"Calculation model of overburden rock failure volume in mined-out area based on Brillouin optical time-domain analysis technology","volume":"66","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2022.07.016","article-title":"Experimental study on the deformation and failure mechanism of overburden rock during coal mining using a comprehensive intelligent sensing method","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"21","article-title":"Method to distinguish key strata in overburden","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. China Univ. Min. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"3066","article-title":"Mechanical analysis of rupture regularity of hard and massive overlying strata of longwall face","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"801","article-title":"Breakage mechanism of roof strata above widespread mined-out area with roadway mining method and feasibility analysis of upward mining","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-021-0620-y","article-title":"DFOS applications to geo-engineering monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H.H., Liu, W., Wang, T., Su, J.W., and Shi, B. (2022). Distributed acoustic sensing for monitoring linear infrastructures: Current status and trends. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22197550"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Shi, B., Zeni, L., Minardo, A., Zhu, H.H., and Jia, L.X. (2019). An Fiber Bragg Grating-based monitoring system for slope deformation study in geotechnical centrifuge. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071591"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Cui, Y.F., Zhu, H.H., Wu, H., Han, H.M., Yan, Y., and Shi, B. (2023). Shear deformation calculation of landslide using distributed strain sensing technology considering the coupling effect. Landslides.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-023-02051-5"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Zhu, H.H., Han, H.M., and Shi, B. (2023). Fiber optic monitoring of an anti-slide pile in a retrogressive landslide. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2023.02.011"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, B., Zhu, H.H., Zhang, C.C., Sun, M.Y., Zhang, W., and Zhang, T.Y. (2023). Rock and soil disaster sensing and application. Sci. Sin. Technol.","DOI":"10.1360\/SST-2022-0393"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88526-8","article-title":"Microanchored borehole fiber optics allows strain profiling of the shallow subsurface","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-9963-4_25","article-title":"Experimental study on overlying strata deformation and failure using distributed intelligent sensing. advances in geoengineering along the belt and road. BRWSG 2021","volume":"230","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11732","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL080428","article-title":"Vertically distributed sensing of deformation using fiber optic sensing","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2021.102644","article-title":"Study on slope failure evolution under surcharge loading and toe cutting with BOTDA technology","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Fiber Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1109\/50.400684","article-title":"Development of a distributed sensing technique using Brillouin scattering","volume":"13","author":"Horiguchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Lightwave Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-013-2816-0","article-title":"Distributed fiber optic monitoring and stability analysis of a model slope under surcharge loading","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"582","article-title":"On the ground sensing system and ground sensing engineering","volume":"25","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"376","article-title":"BOTDA distributed measurement and analysis of mining overburden separation","volume":"32","author":"Piao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Min. Saf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-021-04952-x","article-title":"Comparative study on the \u201coptic-electric\u201d monitoring method for the deformation and failure of surrounding rock in stopes","volume":"110","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2018.04.030","article-title":"Application of Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry to dynamic monitoring of overburden deformation and failure caused by underground mining","volume":"106","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2021.104620","article-title":"Calculation model of overburden subsidence in mined-out area based on Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometer technology","volume":"138","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Karhmis, M., Triplett, T., Haycocks, C., and Goodman, G. (1983). Rock Mechanics: Theory, Experiment, Practice, Proceedings of the 24th US Symposium Rock Mechanics, College Station, TX, USA, 20\u201323 June 1983, OnePetro."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-002-0542-y","article-title":"Influence of physical characteristics of weal rock mass on height of caved zone over abandoned subsurface coal mines","volume":"42","author":"Palchik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"State Administration of Safety Supervision, State Administration of Coal Mine Safety Supervision, State Energy Administration, State Railway Administration (2017). Specification for Coal Pillar Setting and Mining of Buildings, Water Bodies, Railways and Main Roadways, China Coal Industry Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s40789-022-00498-w","article-title":"Research advances in mining fractures evolution law of rock strata and ecological treatment technology","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"44","article-title":"Simulation experiment of embedded fiber Bragg grating monitoring in rock deformation through borehole","volume":"29","author":"Chai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Min. Saf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2867868","article-title":"Modeling and robust estimation for the residual motion error in airborne sar interferometry","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"397","article-title":"Application of FLAC to predict ground surface displacement due to coal extraction and its comparative analysis","volume":"18","author":"Xie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"268","article-title":"Deformation characteristics of the thick unconsolidated layers due to mining by UDEC","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"218","article-title":"Analysis on dynamic testing results of distortion and collapsing of the top rock by geophysical method during mining of coal seam","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. China Coal Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-019-00905-1","article-title":"Study on the evolution rule of land damage based on electrical resistivity imaging technology in mining face","volume":"37","author":"Ou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Cheng, G., Wang, Z.X., Shi, B., Zhu, H.H., Li, G.Q., and Tian, L.Q. (2023). Research on multi-field fiber optic neural sensing and safety guarantee system constructing for mining overburden deformation. Coal Sci. Technol., 1\u201312. Available online: http:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/kcms\/detail\/11.2402.TD.20230208.1353.001.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5947\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:01:37Z","timestamp":1760126497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5947"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23135947"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23135947","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]}}}