{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:16:42Z","timestamp":1760149002692,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Training with real patients is a critical aspect of the learning and growth of doctors in training. However, this essential step in the educational process for clinicians can potentially compromise patient safety, as they may not be adequately prepared to handle real-life situations independently. Clinical simulators help to solve this problem by providing real-world scenarios in which the physicians can train and gain confidence by safely and repeatedly practicing different techniques. In addition, obtaining objective feedback allows subsequent debriefing by analysing the situation experienced and learning from other people\u2019s mistakes. This article presents SIMUNEO, a neonatal simulator in which professionals are able to learn by practicing the management of lung ultrasound and the resolution of pneumothorax and thoracic effusions. The article also discusses in detail the hardware and software, the main components that compose the system, and the communication and implementation of these. The system was validated through both usability questionnaires filled out by neonatology residents as well as through follow-up sessions, improvement, and control of the system with specialists of the department. Results suggest that the environment is easy to use and could be used in clinical practice to improve the learning and training of students as well as the safety of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:45:11Z","timestamp":1687913111000},"page":"5966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SIMUNEO: Control and Monitoring System for Lung Ultrasound Examination and Treatment of Neonatal Pneumothorax and Thoracic Effusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Adriana","family":"Rojas-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering and Telemedicine Centre, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Centro de Tecnolog\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1714-4353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Moreno-Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering and Telemedicine Centre, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Centro de Tecnolog\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Otero-Arteseros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering and Telemedicine Centre, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Centro de Tecnolog\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8830-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"Rubio-Bol\u00edvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEASEC\u2014Fundaci\u00f3n para la Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Hospital Universitario La Paz de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Peinado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neonatolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario La Paz de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Dolores","family":"Elorza-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neonatolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitario La Paz de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Enrique J.","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering and Telemedicine Centre, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Centro de Tecnolog\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4852-4148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Quintana-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEASEC\u2014Fundaci\u00f3n para la Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Hospital Universitario La Paz de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario La Paz de Madrid, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9871-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Engineering and Telemedicine Centre, ETSI Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Centro de Tecnolog\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Bioingenier\u00eda, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-1473813","article-title":"Pneumothorax in neonates: Trends, predictors and outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Duong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neonatal. Perinatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.04.018","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound for Diagnosing Pneumothorax in the Critically Ill Neonate","volume":"175","author":"Raimondi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.04.001","article-title":"Lung ultrasonography to diagnose pneumothorax of the newborn","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.15-1-e2","article-title":"International Perspectives: Point-of-Care Chest Ultrasound in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: An Italian Perspective","volume":"15","author":"Raimondi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neoreviews"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2017.140","article-title":"Neonatal lung ultrasound exam guidelines","volume":"38","author":"Kurepa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000493001","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound for the Differential Diagnosis of Respiratory Distress in Neonates","volume":"115","author":"Corsini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13369","article-title":"Lung ultrasound decreased radiation exposure in preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"105","author":"Escourrou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, June 22). La Importancia Del Entrenamiento Pr\u00e1ctico Y Te\u00f3rico de Las Habilidades Sociales En Los Futuros Profesionales Sanitarios. Available online: https:\/\/academica-e.unavarra.es\/handle\/2454\/33683."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/14739879.2019.1610078","article-title":"Tell me if there is a problem: Safety in early general practice training","volume":"30","author":"Ingham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Alarc\u00f3n, C.P. (2022, June 22). El Aprendizaje Significativo En Neonatolog\u00eda Es Superior Que El Aprendizaje Por El M\u00e9todo Tradicional. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10654\/10460."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0283-4","article-title":"Simulation technology for skills training and competency assessment in medical education","volume":"23","author":"Scalese","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2022, June 17). Definici\u00f3n de Simulador\u2014Qu\u00e9 es, Significado y Concepto. Available online: https:\/\/definicion.de\/simulador\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2022, June 17). Metodolog\u00eda\u2014Hospital de Simulaci\u00f3n|Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello. Available online: https:\/\/hospitaldesimulacion.unab.cl\/metodologia\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2022, June 17). Neonatolog\u00eda\u2014TecnoEdu. Available online: https:\/\/tecnoedu.com\/Medicina\/Neonatologia.php."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2022, June 17). PEDI\u00ae Reci\u00e9n Nacido S320\u2014Simulaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica. Available online: https:\/\/simulacionmedica.com\/producto\/pedi-recien-nacido-s320\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2022, June 17). Simulador Pedi\u00e1trico Trubaby X y Maniqu\u00ed de Reanimaci\u00f3n Cardiopulmonar Infantil|Entrenamiento de Habilidades Cl\u00ednicas Pedi\u00e1tricas|TB1001|Maniqu\u00ed de Simulaci\u00f3n de Beb\u00e9s|Maniqu\u00ed de Reanimaci\u00f3n Pedi\u00e1trica|Entrenador de Punci\u00f3n Lumbar Infantil|Entrenador de Cateterismo Femoral Infantil|Sim|TruCorp Ltd. Available online: https:\/\/www.trucorp.es\/P\/141\/TruBabyX."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2022, June 17). Super Tory\u2014Simulaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica. Available online: https:\/\/simulacionmedica.com\/super-tory\/."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2023, March 16). Neonatal Simulator NENASim Infant\u2014Medical-X. Available online: https:\/\/medical-x.com\/product\/nenasim-infant\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2022, June 17). Practice Infant Critical and Trauma Care. Available online: www.medical-simulator.com."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2023, March 16). CAE Luna\u2014Medical Simulator. Available online: https:\/\/medical-simulator.com\/simuladores-de-pacientes-pediatricos\/4372-1-.html."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2022, June 17). Baby Lung Simulator\u2014LuSi\u2014Neosim AG\u2014Emergency Care\/Training\/Monitoring. Available online: https:\/\/www.medicalexpo.com\/prod\/neosim-ag\/product-129037-952679.html."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2022, June 17). BabyWorks Brochure\u2014Intelligent Ultrasound\u2014Cat\u00e1logo PDF|Documentaci\u00f3n T\u00e9cnica|Brochure. Available online: https:\/\/pdf.medicalexpo.es\/pdf-en\/intelligent-ultrasound\/babyworks-brochure\/301944-245281.html#open1018075."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2022, June 17). ECHOCOM\u2014Training Simulator for Echocardiography in Neonates. Available online: https:\/\/www.echocom.de\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2022, June 17). POCUSNEO Echo Simulator\u2014POCUSNEO. Available online: https:\/\/pocusneo.org\/simulator-echo\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2022, June 17). DiSplay U\/S\u2014Online Ultrasound Simulator by InSimo. Available online: https:\/\/www.insimo.com\/display-ultrasound\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1696-2818(03)71608-4","article-title":"Toracocentesis y drenaje pleural","volume":"1","year":"2003","journal-title":"An. Pediatr\u00eda Contin."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"31","article-title":"La Escala de Likert en la evaluaci\u00f3n docente: Acercamiento a sus caracter\u00edsticas y principios metodol\u00f3gicos","volume":"50","author":"Echauri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Perspect. Docentes"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5966\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:01:58Z","timestamp":1760126518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/13\/5966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23135966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23135966","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]}}}