{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T19:29:55Z","timestamp":1769282995183,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University","award":["23UQU43980671DSR001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23UQU43980671DSR001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study addresses the pressing issue of energy consumption and efficiency in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), a region experiencing growing demand for energy resources. Temperature control plays a vital role in achieving energy efficiency; however, traditional control systems may struggle to adapt to the non-linear and time-varying characteristics of the problem. To tackle this challenge, a fuzzy petri net (FPN) controller is proposed as a more suitable solution that combines fuzzy logic (FL) and petri nets (PN) to model and simulate complex systems. The main objective of this research is to develop an intelligent energy-saving framework that integrates advanced methodologies and air conditioning (AC) systems to optimize energy utilization and create a comfortable indoor environment. The proposed system incorporates user identification to authorize individuals who can set the temperature, and FL combined with PN is utilized to monitor and transmit their preferred temperature settings to a PID controller for adjustment. The experimental findings demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating the FPN controller with a convertible frequency AC compressor in significantly reducing energy consumption by 94% compared to using the PN controller alone. The utilization of the PN controller alone resulted in a 25% reduction in energy consumption. Conversely, employing a fixed-frequency compressor led to a 40% increase in energy consumption. These results emphasize the advantages of integrating FL into the PN model, as it effectively reduces energy consumption by half, highlighting the potential of the proposed approach for enhancing energy efficiency in AC systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23135985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:45:11Z","timestamp":1687913111000},"page":"5985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Smart Fuzzy Petri Net-Based Temperature Control Framework for Reducing Building Energy Consumption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1814-2643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wael","family":"Deabes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science in Jamoum, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 25371, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6097-8711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kheir Eddine","family":"Bouazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Information Science Division, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 25026, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"given":"Wasl","family":"Algthami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science in Jamoum, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 25371, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.10.058","article-title":"Energy consumption and economic growth: An empirical study of the electricity consumption in Saudi Arabia","volume":"75","author":"Mezghani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2021.102380","article-title":"Pathway to environmental sustainability: Nexus between economic growth, energy consumption, CO2 emission, oil rent and total natural resources rent in Saudi Arabia","volume":"74","author":"Agboola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. 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