{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T16:26:40Z","timestamp":1779380800759,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&amp;D Projects in Shaanxi Province","award":["2022JBGS3-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBGS3-08"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Projects in Shaanxi Province","award":["300102242901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102242901"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD","award":["2022JBGS3-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JBGS3-08"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD","award":["300102242901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102242901"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have gained prominence in wireless sensor technology, featuring resource-limited sensor nodes deployed in challenging underwater environments. To address challenges like power consumption, network lifetime, node deployment, topology, and propagation delays, cooperative transmission protocols like co-operative (Co-UWSN) and co-operative energy-efficient routing (CEER) have been proposed. These protocols utilize broadcast capabilities and neighbor head node (NHN) selection for cooperative routing. This research introduces NBEER, a novel neighbor-based energy-efficient routing protocol tailored for UWSNs. NBEER aims to surpass the limitations of Co-UWSN and CEER by optimizing NHNS and cooperative mechanisms to achieve load balancing and enhance network performance. Through comprehensive MATLAB simulations, we evaluated NBEER against Co-UWSN and CEER, demonstrating its superior performance across various metrics. NBEER significantly maximizes end-to-end delay, reduces energy consumption, improves packet delivery ratio, extends network lifetime, and enhances total received packets analysis compared to the existing protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23136025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T01:14:12Z","timestamp":1688087652000},"page":"6025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Advancements in Neighboring-Based Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol (NBEER) for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sayyed Mudassar","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Engineering School, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Engineering School, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8212-4696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Engineering School, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7923-9652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Altaf","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science & Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5879-569X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inam","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Sujeong-gu, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7121-495X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yazeed Yasin","family":"Ghadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8910-4567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Abbas","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1988-5376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashid","family":"Nasimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3992","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.3992","article-title":"Two hop verification for avoiding void hole in underwater wireless sensor network using SM-AHH-VBF and AVH-AHH-VBF routing protocols","volume":"31","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. 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