{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:17:41Z","timestamp":1760149061677,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"IRENE","award":["PID2020-115323RB-C33","FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UPM\/01\/1","UPM.RMC.800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2021\/9696300","PID2020-113240RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115323RB-C33","FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UPM\/01\/1","UPM.RMC.800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2021\/9696300","PID2020-113240RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"MFOC","award":["PID2020-115323RB-C33","FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UPM\/01\/1","UPM.RMC.800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2021\/9696300","PID2020-113240RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115323RB-C33","FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UPM\/01\/1","UPM.RMC.800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2021\/9696300","PID2020-113240RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"IGNITE","award":["PID2020-115323RB-C33","FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UPM\/01\/1","UPM.RMC.800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2021\/9696300","PID2020-113240RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115323RB-C33","FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UPM\/01\/1","UPM.RMC.800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2021\/9696300","PID2020-113240RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"BIDANET","award":["PID2020-115323RB-C33","FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UPM\/01\/1","UPM.RMC.800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2021\/9696300","PID2020-113240RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115323RB-C33","FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UPM\/01\/1","UPM.RMC.800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2021\/9696300","PID2020-113240RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"ICARUS","award":["PID2020-115323RB-C33","FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UPM\/01\/1","UPM.RMC.800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2021\/9696300","PID2020-113240RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115323RB-C33","FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UPM\/01\/1","UPM.RMC.800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2021\/9696300","PID2020-113240RB-I00"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2020-115323RB-C33","FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UPM\/01\/1","UPM.RMC.800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2021\/9696300","PID2020-113240RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115323RB-C33","FRGS\/1\/2021\/TK0\/UPM\/01\/1","UPM.RMC.800-3\/3\/1\/GPB\/2021\/9696300","PID2020-113240RB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fifth-generation (5G) networks have been deployed alongside fourth-generation networks in high-traffic areas. The most recent 5G mobile communication access technology includes mmWave and sub-6 GHz C-bands. However, 5G signals possibly interfere with existing radio systems because they are using adjacent and co-channel frequencies. Therefore, the minimisation of the interference of 5G with other signals already deployed for other services, such as fixed-satellite service Earth stations (FSS-Ess), is urgently needed. The novelty of this paper is that it addresses issues using measurements from 5G base stations (5G-BS) and FSS-ES, simulation analysis, and prediction modelling based on artificial neural network learning models (ANN-LMs). The ANN-LMs models are used to classify interference events into two classes, namely, adjacent and co-channel interference. In particular, ANN-LMs incorporating the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and general regression neural network (GRNN) are implemented. Numerical results considering real measurements carried out in Malaysia show that RBFNN evidences better accuracy with respect to its GRNN counterpart. The outcomes of this work can be exploited in the future as a baseline for coexistence and\/or mitigation techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23136175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:54:41Z","timestamp":1688604881000},"page":"6175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of 5G and Fixed-Satellite Service Earth Station (FSS-ES) Downlink Interference Based on Artificial Neural Network Learning Models (ANN-LMS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Abdulmajeed","family":"Al-Jumaily","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless and Photonic Networks Research Centre of Excellence (WiPNET), Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1692-6516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aduwati","family":"Sali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless and Photonic Networks Research Centre of Excellence (WiPNET), Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7029-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor P. Gil","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9936-7245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Lagunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT), University of Luxembourg, L-1855 Luxembourg, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5745-8499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatin Mohd Ikhsan","family":"Natrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando P\u00e9rez","family":"Font\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaseein Soubhi","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, Ahmed Bin Mohammed Military College (ABMMC), Doha P.O. Box 22988, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mandeep Jit","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0876-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fazdliana","family":"Samat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pusat Sains Angkasa Institut Perubahan Iklim, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harith","family":"Aljumaily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28912 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhiya","family":"Al-Jumeily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science & Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Jumaily, A., Sali, A., Riyadh, M., Wali, S.Q., Li, L., and Osman, A.F. 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