{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:18:42Z","timestamp":1760149122044,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ITER","award":["101052200\u2014EUROfusion"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101052200\u2014EUROfusion"]}]},{"name":"EUROfusion Consortium","award":["101052200\u2014EUROfusion"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101052200\u2014EUROfusion"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stable and uniform beams with low divergence are required in particle accelerators; therefore, beyond the accelerated current, measuring the beam current spatial uniformity and stability over time is necessary to assess the beam performance, since these parameters affect the perveance and thus the beam optics. For high-power beams operating with long pulses, it is convenient to directly measure these current parameters with a non-intercepting system due to the heat management requirement. Such a system needs to be capable of operating in a vacuum in the presence of strong electromagnetic fields and overvoltages, due to electrical breakdowns in the accelerator. Finally, the measure of the beam current needs to be efficiently integrated into a pulse file with the other relevant plant parameters to allow the data analyses required for beam optimization. This paper describes the development, design and commissioning of such a non-intercepting system, the so-called beamlet current monitor (BCM), aimed to directly measure the electric current of a particle beam. In particular, the layout of the system was adapted to the SPIDER experiment, the ion source (IS) prototype of the heating neutral beam injectors (HNB) for the ITER fusion reactor. The diagnostic is suitable to provide the electric current of five beamlets from DC up to 10 MHz.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23136211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T01:57:09Z","timestamp":1688695029000},"page":"6211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design and Development of a Diagnostic System for a Non-Intercepting Direct Measure of the SPIDER Ion Source Beamlet Current"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6512-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Patton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alastair","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham Science Centre, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, UK"}]},{"given":"Basile","family":"Pouradier Duteil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Rigoni Garola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Brombin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Candeloro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Ricerche Fusione (CRF), University of Padua, 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4418-5655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Manduchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Pavei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3684-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Pasqualotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Pimazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Siragusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Serianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Sartori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padua, 36100 Vicenza, Italy"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Taliercio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Barbato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"given":"Vannino","family":"Cervaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Ghiraldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Laterza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Rossetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consorzio RFX, 35127 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Plasma Science and Technologies of National Research Council (ISTP-CNR), 35127 Padua, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fusengdes.2019.04.036","article-title":"SPIDER in the roadmap of the ITER neutral beams","volume":"146","author":"Serianni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fusion Eng. 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