{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T04:32:45Z","timestamp":1772771565070,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21904091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21904091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52205598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62001318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BJ-2022-095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJ-2022-095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["21904091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21904091"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["52205598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52205598"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["62001318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62001318"]}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["BJ-2022-095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BJ-2022-095"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been widely used for the on-site detection of trace chemicals, but continue to suffer from a low duty cycle of ion injection. The Hadamard transform ion mobility spectrometry (HT-IMS) technique was employed to address the problem with increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, in this work, through simulation, a certain deviation between the mathematical principle of Hadamard transform and actual data collection process was found, which resulted in a distortion of the baseline in the spectrum. The reason behind this problem was analyzed and a novel IMS based on Sylvester-type Hadamard matrix encoding modulation (Sylvester-HT-IMS), together with a set of date collection and processing technique, was proposed. Sylvester-HT-IMS offered much improved quality of deconvoluted spectrum and overall performance in the simulation. In experimental verification, with reactant ions and product ions characterized, Sylvester-HT-IMS showed improved SNR and ion discrimination over both conventional signal-averaged IMS (SA-IMS) and HT-IMS, providing an alternative method for multiplexed IMS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T01:58:14Z","timestamp":1689040694000},"page":"6267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hadamard Transform Ion Mobility Spectrometry Based on Matrix Encoding Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ke","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}]},{"given":"Lingfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6423-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(00)00565-8","article-title":"A critical review of ion mobility spectrometry for the detection of explosives and explosive related compounds","volume":"54","author":"Ewing","year":"2001","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(99)00241-6","article-title":"Analysis of explosives using electrospray ionization\/ion mobility spectrometry (ESI\/IMS)","volume":"50","author":"Asbury","year":"2000","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Fuche, C., and Deseille, J. (2010). Ion mobility spectrometry: A tool to detect narcotics and explosives. Actual. Chim., 91\u201395."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(98)00051-6","article-title":"Detection of designer drugs in human hair by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)","volume":"94","author":"Keller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1039\/C3AN02113K","article-title":"Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) with atmospheric pressure ion mobility spectrometry for drug detection","volume":"139","author":"Roscioli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4343","DOI":"10.1021\/ac025687f","article-title":"Rapid screening of aqueous chemical warfare agent degradation products: Ambient pressure ion mobility mass spectrometry","volume":"74","author":"Steiner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20963","DOI":"10.3390\/s141120963","article-title":"Portable solid phase micro-extraction coupled with ion mobility spectrometry system for on-site analysis of chemical warfare agents and simulants in water samples","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13398","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b03629","article-title":"Pushing the resolving power of tyndall\u2013powell gate ion mobility spectrometry over 100 with no sensitivity loss for multiple ion species","volume":"89","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b04586","article-title":"High-resolution high kinetic energy ion mobility spectrometer based on a low-discrimination tristate ion shutter","volume":"90","author":"Kirk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2010.11.077","article-title":"Signal processing in portable ion mobility spectroscopy","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1021\/ac050615k","article-title":"Hadamard transform ion mobility spectrometry","volume":"78","author":"Clowers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4474","DOI":"10.1021\/ac051743b","article-title":"Hadamard transform ion mobility spectrometry","volume":"78","author":"Szumlas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1976.10411","article-title":"Pseudo-random sequences and arrays","volume":"64","author":"MacWilliams","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56103","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA10245F","article-title":"Rapid identification of false peaks in the spectrum of Hadamard transform ion mobility spectrometry with inverse gating technique","volume":"5","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.05.004","article-title":"Normal-inverse bimodule operation Hadamard transform ion mobility spectrometry","volume":"1029","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1021\/ac902009c","article-title":"Inverse ion mobility spectrometry","volume":"82","author":"Tabrizchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2017.11.008","article-title":"Leveraging spectral sparsity to realize enhanced separation of gas-phase ion populations","volume":"427","author":"Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1021\/ac802383k","article-title":"Digitally-multiplexed nanoelectrospray ionization atmospheric pressure drift tube ion mobility spectrometry","volume":"81","author":"Kwasnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.3c00013","article-title":"Implementation of an Open-Source Multiplexing Ion Gate Control for High Kinetic Energy Ion Mobility Spectrometry (HiKE-IMS)","volume":"34","author":"Naylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2500","article-title":"Simultaneous Improvement of Resolving Power and Signal-to-Noise Ratio Using a Modified Hadamard Transform-Inverse Ion Mobility Spectrometry Technique","volume":"28","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1021\/ac7022712","article-title":"Pseudorandom sequence modifications for ion mobility orthogonal time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"80","author":"Clowers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1007\/s13361-014-0895-y","article-title":"Detecting and removing data artifacts in Hadamard transform ion mobility-mass spectrometry measurements","volume":"25","author":"Prost","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1957","article-title":"Simulating, Predicting, and Minimizing False Peaks for Hadamard Transform Ion Mobility Spectrometry","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"524","article-title":"A preliminary theoretical simulation of Hadamard transform of ion mobility spectrometry","volume":"30","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Harwit, M., and Sloane, N.J.A. (1979). Hadamard Transform Optics, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"No, J.-S., and Song, H.-Y. (2000, January 25\u201330). Generalized Sylvester-type Hadamard Matrices. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (Cat. No. 00CH37060), Sorrento, Italy."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/14\/6267\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:09:47Z","timestamp":1760126987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/14\/6267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23146267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23146267","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]}}}