{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:45:35Z","timestamp":1765889135431,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas","award":["UAT\/SIP\/INV\/2023\/075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UAT\/SIP\/INV\/2023\/075"]}]},{"name":"UAM Reynosa-Rodhe Operational Plan","award":["UAT\/SIP\/INV\/2023\/075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UAT\/SIP\/INV\/2023\/075"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report on the fabrication and testing of a fiber optics sensor based on multimodal interference effects, which aims at the detection of different types of sweeteners dissolved in water. The device, which has a simple structure, commonly known as the SMS configuration, is built by splicing a segment of commercial-grade, coreless multimode fiber (NC-MMF) between two standard single-mode fibers (SMFs). In this configuration, the evanescent field traveling outside the core of the NC-MMF allows the sensing of the refractive index of the surrounding media, making it possible to detect different levels of sugar concentration. The optical sensor was tested with aqueous solutions of glucose, fructose, and sucrose in the concentration range from 0 wt% to 20 wt% at room temperature. The proposed device exhibits a linear response with a sensitivity of 0.1835 nm\/wt% for sucrose, 0.1687 nm\/wt% for fructose, and 0.1694 nm\/wt% for glucose, respectively, with a sensing resolution of around 0.5 wt%. Finally, we show that, despite having similar concentration behavior, some degree of discrimination between the different sugars can be achieved by assessing their thermo-optical response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T01:58:14Z","timestamp":1689040694000},"page":"6289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sugar Detection in Aqueous Solution Using an SMS Fiber Device"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Nailea","family":"Mar-Abundis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica en El\u00e9ctrica y Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Carr. a San Fernando Cruce con Canal Rodhe S\/N., Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7385-9794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yadira Aracely","family":"Fuentes-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica en El\u00e9ctrica y Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Carr. a San Fernando Cruce con Canal Rodhe S\/N., Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7001-7543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9 Fernando","family":"Dom\u00ednguez-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica en El\u00e9ctrica y Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tamaulipas, Carr. a San Fernando Cruce con Canal Rodhe S\/N., Reynosa 88779, Tamaulipas, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7120-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Rafael","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV Unidad Monterrey), V\u00eda del Conocimiento 201, Parque de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica km 9.5 de la Autopista Nueva al Aeropuerto, Apodaca 66600, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023, January 22). Healthy Diet. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/healthy-diet."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"CD011834","article-title":"Effects of total fat intake on body weight","volume":"2016","author":"Hooper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2003). Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a Joint WHO\/FAO Expert Consultation, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"FAO (2010). Fats and Fatty Acids in Human Nutrition: Report of an Expert Consultation, FAO."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801360","article-title":"Effects of food attributes on hunger and food intake","volume":"24","author":"Kirkmeyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-020-02417-x","article-title":"Glucose transporters in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle in metabolic health and disease","volume":"472","author":"Chadt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). Guideline: Sugars Intake for Adults and Children, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Jasarevic, T., and Thomas, G. (2022, August 16). WHO Opens Public Consultation on Draft Sugars Guideline. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/05-03-2014-who-opens-public-consultation-on-draft-sugars-guideline."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-012-0783-z","article-title":"Biosensors in food processing","volume":"50","author":"Thakur","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3390\/foods3030491","article-title":"Past, Present and Future of Sensors in Food Production","volume":"3","author":"Adley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2015.01.001","article-title":"Analytical methods for determination of sugars and sweetness of horticultural products\u2014A review","volume":"184","author":"Magwaza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1117\/1.429962","article-title":"Optical glucose sensing in biological fluids: An overview","volume":"5","author":"McNichols","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4805","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cs15063d","article-title":"Optical methods for sensing glucose","volume":"40","author":"Steiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129375","article-title":"On the estimation of sugars concentrations using Raman spectroscopy and artificial neural networks","volume":"352","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2008.06.007","article-title":"Fibre optic glucose sensor","volume":"29","author":"Binu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.129250","article-title":"Novel paper- and fiber optic-based fluorescent sensor for glucose detection using aniline-functionalized graphene quantum dots","volume":"329","author":"Tam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2003.08.019","article-title":"In vitro long-term performance study of a near-infrared fluorescence affinity sensor for glucose monitoring","volume":"19","author":"Ballerstadt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguila Rodriguez, G., Arias Duque, N.P., Gonzalez Sanchez, B.E., Sandoval Gonzalez, O.O., Giraldo Osorio, O.H., Trujillo Romero, C.J., Wilches Torres, M.A., and Flores Cuautle, J.J.A. (2019). Sugar Concentration Measurement System Using Radiofrequency Sensor. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19102354"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cano Perez, J.L., Gutierrez-Gutierrez, J., Perezcampos Mayoral, C., Perez-Campos, E.L., Del Socorro Pina Canseco, M., Tepech Carrillo, L., Mayoral, L.P., Vargas Trevino, M., Apreza, E.L., and Rojas Laguna, R. (2021). Fiber Optic Sensors: A Review for Glucose Measurement. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11030061"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optlastec.2021.106981","article-title":"Optical fiber sensors for glucose concentration measurement: A review","volume":"139","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Laser Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b04708","article-title":"Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (2015\u20132019)","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.11.094","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of a surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic sensor using gel entrapment technique for the detection of low glucose concentration","volume":"177","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2013.11.007","article-title":"A review of recent developed and applications of plastic fiber optic displacement sensors","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.12.051","article-title":"Immobilization of enzyme on long period grating fibers for sensitive glucose detection","volume":"33","author":"Deep","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.07.109","article-title":"Label-free glucose biosensor based on enzymatic graphene oxide-functionalized tilted fiber grating","volume":"254","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2015.09.102","article-title":"A photonic crystal fiber glucose sensor filled with silver nanowires","volume":"359","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-opt.2018.5079","article-title":"Tricore photonic crystal fibre based refractive index sensor for glucose detection","volume":"13","author":"Natesan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Optoelectron."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzman-Sepulveda, J.R., Guzman-Cabrera, R., and Castillo-Guzman, A.A. (2021). Optical Sensing Using Fiber-Optic Multimode Interference Devices: A Review of Nonconventional Sensing Schemes. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051862"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12734","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3039912","article-title":"Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode Fiber Structures for Sensing Applications\u2014A Review","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3015086","article-title":"Advances in optical fiber sensors based on multimode interference (MMI): A review","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2020.112160","article-title":"Review of no-core optical fiber sensor and applications","volume":"313","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1166\/nnl.2017.2465","article-title":"Optical Blood Glucose Sensor Based on Multimode Interference (MMI) Fabricated by Thermal Imprint Process","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanosci. Nanotech. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s13320-017-0441-1","article-title":"Two-Channel Highly Sensitive Sensors Based on 4 x 4 Multimode Interference Couplers","volume":"7","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photonic Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s11468-020-01349-7","article-title":"Multimode Interference-Based Photonic Crystal Fiber Glucose Sensor","volume":"16","author":"Yousufali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plasmonics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1109\/50.372474","article-title":"Optical multi-mode interference devices based on self-imaging: Principles and applications","volume":"13","author":"Soldano","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, K. (2021). Fundamentals of Optical Waveguides, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815601-8.50002-1"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Saulo, A.A. (2005). Sugars and Sweeteners in Foods, University of Hawai\u2019i. FST-16."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathlouthi, M., and Reiser, P. (1995). Sucrose: Properties and Applications, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2676-6"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Pic\u00f3, Y. (2012). Chemical Analysis of Food: Techniques and Applications, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenkel, J. (2002). Analytical Chemistry for Technicians, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420056709"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"NIST (2018). NIST Chemistry WebBook\u2014SRD 69."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haynes, W.M. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315380476"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Gaffney, J., and Marley, N. (2018). General Chemistry for Engineers, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9691","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.439151","article-title":"Multipoint fiber optics refractive index sensor based on multimode interference effects","volume":"60","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2013.08.070","article-title":"Improved self-imaging for multi-mode optical fiber involving cladding refractive index","volume":"311","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W., Shi, J., Yang, X., Xu, D., Rong, F., Zhao, J., and Yao, J. (2017). Improved Numerical Calculation of the Single-Mode-No-Core-Single-Mode Fiber Structure Using the Fields Far from Cutoff Approximation. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102240"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/ijag.12190","article-title":"Refractive Index and Thermo-Optic Coefficients of Ge-As-Se Chalcogenide Glasses","volume":"7","author":"Gleason","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, D.I., and Town, G.E. (2006, January 12\u201314). Refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient of composite polymers at 1.55 \u03bcm. Proceedings of the Photonics: Design, Technology, and Packaging II, Brisbane, Australia.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.656497"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/14\/6289\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:10:17Z","timestamp":1760127017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/14\/6289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23146289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23146289","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]}}}