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Therefore, methods for determining the sensitivity\/resistance of bacteria to antimicrobial drugs are important. This review discusses the mechanisms of the formation of antibacterial resistance and the various methods and sensor systems available for analyzing antibiotic effects on bacteria. Particular attention is paid to acoustic biosensors with active immobilized layers and to sensors that analyze antibiotics directly in liquids. It is shown that sensors of the second type allow analysis to be done within a short period, which is important for timely treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T02:05:21Z","timestamp":1689041121000},"page":"6292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Electroacoustic Biosensor Systems for Evaluating Antibiotic Action on Microbial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0541-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga I.","family":"Guliy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms\u2014Subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), Saratov 410049, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1859-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris D.","family":"Zaitsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov Branch, Saratov 410019, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4136-7517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina A.","family":"Borodina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov Branch, Saratov 410019, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100277","article-title":"Naked-eye detection of antibiotic resistance gene sul1 based on aggregation of magnetic nanoparticles and DNA amplification products","volume":"12","author":"Wrande","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. 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