{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T03:57:46Z","timestamp":1770350266410,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Utah College of Health Seed Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain\u2013body interactions (BBIs) have been the focus of intense scrutiny since the inception of the scientific method, playing a foundational role in the earliest debates over the philosophy of science. Contemporary investigations of BBIs to elucidate the neural principles of motor control have benefited from advances in neuroimaging, device engineering, and signal processing. However, these studies generally suffer from two major limitations. First, they rely on interpretations of \u2018brain\u2019 activity that are behavioral in nature, rather than neuroanatomical or biophysical. Second, they employ methodological approaches that are inconsistent with a dynamical systems approach to neuromotor control. These limitations represent a fundamental challenge to the use of BBIs for answering basic and applied research questions in neuroimaging and neurorehabilitation. Thus, this review is written as a tutorial to address both limitations for those interested in studying BBIs through a dynamical systems lens. First, we outline current best practices for acquiring, interpreting, and cleaning scalp-measured electroencephalography (EEG) acquired during whole-body movement. Second, we discuss historical and current theories for modeling EEG and kinematic data as dynamical systems. Third, we provide worked examples from both canonical model systems and from empirical EEG and kinematic data collected from two subjects during an overground walking task.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T01:05:01Z","timestamp":1689123901000},"page":"6296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Dynamical Systems Approach to Characterizing Brain\u2013Body Interactions during Movement: Challenges, Interpretations, and Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3885-6878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek C.","family":"Monroe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8089-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel T.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA"},{"name":"Under Armour, Inc., Innovation, Baltimore, MD 21230, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8621-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter C.","family":"Fino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7256-4508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Rhea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23508, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.08.066","article-title":"Electrocortical activity is coupled to gait cycle phase during treadmill walking","volume":"54","author":"Gwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.023","article-title":"The surface Laplacian technique in EEG: Theory and methods","volume":"97","author":"Carvalhaes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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