{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:18:29Z","timestamp":1760149109680,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000922","name":"Clean Sky 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) Framework","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["831969","S2P-2020-OPT-IN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["831969","S2P-2020-OPT-IN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000922","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2020 edition of the Switch2Product innovation challenge","award":["831969","S2P-2020-OPT-IN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["831969","S2P-2020-OPT-IN"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensing the interaction between the pilot and the control inceptors can provide important information about the pilot\u2019s activity during flight, potentially enabling the objective measurement of the pilot workload, the application of preventive actions against loss of situational awareness, and the identification of the insurgence of adverse couplings with the vehicle dynamics. This work presents an innovative pressure-sensing device developed to be seamlessly integrated into the grips of conventional aircraft control inceptors. The sensor, based on frustrated total internal reflection of light, is composed of low-cost elements and can be easily manufactured to be applicable to different hand pressure ranges. The characteristics of the sensor are first demonstrated in laboratory calibration tests. Subsequently, applications in flight simulator testing are presented, focusing on the objective representation of the pilot\u2019s instantaneous workload.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T01:05:01Z","timestamp":1689123901000},"page":"6308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Frustrated Total Internal Reflection Measurement System for Pilot Inceptor Grip Pressure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3112-1986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Zanoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Garbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9347-7654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierangelo","family":"Masarati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8873-7351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Quaranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, 20156 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2015.05.044","article-title":"Pressure sensor matrix for indirect measurement of grip and push forces exerted on a handle","volume":"73","author":"Scalise","year":"2015","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cepri\u00e1-Bernal, J., and P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez, A. 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