{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T18:09:27Z","timestamp":1773511767272,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research\u2014Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Branch","award":["JCYJ-SHFY-2022-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ-SHFY-2022-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared to wide-field telescopes, small-field detection systems have higher spatial resolution, resulting in stronger detection capabilities and higher positioning accuracy. When detecting by small fields in synchronous orbit, both space debris and fixed stars are imaged as point targets, making it difficult to distinguish them. In addition, with the improvement in detection capabilities, the number of stars in the background rapidly increases, which puts higher requirements on recognition algorithms. Therefore, star detection is indispensable for identifying and locating space debris in complex backgrounds. To address these difficulties, this paper proposes a real-time star extraction method based on adaptive filtering and multi-frame projection. We use bad point repair and background suppression algorithms to preprocess star images. Afterwards, we analyze and enhance the target signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Then, we use multi-frame projection to fuse information. Subsequently, adaptive filtering, adaptive morphology, and adaptive median filtering algorithms are proposed to detect trajectories. Finally, the projection is released to locate the target. Our recognition algorithm has been verified by real star images, and the images were captured using small-field telescopes. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm proposed in this paper. We successfully extracted hip-27066 star, which has a magnitude of about 12 and an SNR of about 1.5. Compared with existing methods, our algorithm has advantages in both recognition rate and false-alarm rate, and can be used as a real-time target recognition algorithm for space-based synchronous orbit detection payloads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T01:05:01Z","timestamp":1689123901000},"page":"6315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Weak Spatial Target Extraction Based on Small-Field Optical System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6703-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunmeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huixian","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Review on strategies of space-based optical space situational awareness","volume":"32","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. 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