{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:57:29Z","timestamp":1773449849818,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2021A1515011268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515011268"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["1010147001205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1010147001205"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["1010147001128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1010147001128"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["2021A1515110958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515110958"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["62202215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62202215"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX2995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX2995"]}]},{"name":"the SYLU-introduced high-level talents scientific research support plan","award":["2021A1515011268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515011268"]}]},{"name":"the SYLU-introduced high-level talents scientific research support plan","award":["1010147001205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1010147001205"]}]},{"name":"the SYLU-introduced high-level talents scientific research support plan","award":["1010147001128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1010147001128"]}]},{"name":"the SYLU-introduced high-level talents scientific research support plan","award":["2021A1515110958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515110958"]}]},{"name":"the SYLU-introduced high-level talents scientific research support plan","award":["62202215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62202215"]}]},{"name":"the SYLU-introduced high-level talents scientific research support plan","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX2995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX2995"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2021A1515011268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515011268"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["1010147001205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1010147001205"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["1010147001128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1010147001128"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2021A1515110958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515110958"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["62202215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62202215"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX2995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX2995"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021A1515011268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515011268"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["1010147001205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1010147001205"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["1010147001128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1010147001128"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021A1515110958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515110958"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["62202215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62202215"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX2995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX2995"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","award":["2021A1515011268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515011268"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","award":["1010147001205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1010147001205"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","award":["1010147001128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1010147001128"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","award":["2021A1515110958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515110958"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","award":["62202215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62202215"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX2995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX2995"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visible-light-based transmission application plays an important role in various types of sensor services for the Internet of Things (IoTs). However, in big data scenarios, current visible-light-based systems cannot achieve concurrent high-speed communication, low-speed communication, and positioning. Therefore, in this article, we propose a smart visible-light-based fusion applications system, named Fasys, to solve the above problem for the big data traffic with heterogeneity. Specifically, for low-speed data services, we propose a novel linear block coding and bit interleaving mechanism, which enhances the LED positioning accuracy and recovers the lost data bits in the interframe gap (IFG). For high-speed data services with traffic possessing burstiness, an elegant statistical reliability analysis framework in regard to latency is proposed based on martingale theory. The backlog martingale process is constructed. Leveraging stopping time theory, a tight upper bound of unreliability is obtained. An arrival abstraction and traffic allocation scheme is designed, which contributes to decouple the reliability requirement as the maximum supportable arrival load. Finally, we implement our Fasys system, and extensive experimental results show that our system can achieve consistent high-precision positioning and low-BER data communication for low-speed data services. And the proposed martingale-based traffic allocation scheme can achieve the provisioning of reliability in regard to the latency for high-speed data services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T01:58:11Z","timestamp":1689213491000},"page":"6340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fasys: Visible-Light-Based Communication and Positioning Services towards Smart Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Baozhu","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110158, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110158, China"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"},{"name":"Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Hangzhou 310056, China"}]},{"given":"Xuetao","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"},{"name":"Institute of Intelligent Communications and Network Security, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2312291","article-title":"Research directions for the internet of things","volume":"1","author":"Stankovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3020645","article-title":"Mobile edge computing enabled 5G health monitoring for Internet of medical things: A decentralized game theoretic approach","volume":"39","author":"Ning","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800272","article-title":"Multi-operator network sharing for massive IoT","volume":"57","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2007.911674","article-title":"A steward robot for human-friendly human-machine interaction in a smart house environment","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23472","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3200431","article-title":"Edge Computing for Internet of Everything: A Survey","volume":"9","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9225","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3176243","article-title":"RMGen: A tri-layer vehicular trajectory data generation model exploring urban region division and mobility pattern","volume":"71","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ning, Z., Chen, H., Ngai, E.C., Wang, X., Guo, L., and Liu, J. (IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput., 2023). Lightweight imitation learning for real-time cooperative service migration, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput., early access.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2023.3239845"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6308","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3155162","article-title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning based Energy Efficient Edge Computing for Internet of Vehicles","volume":"18","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Li, J., Ning, Z., Song, Q., Guo, L., Guo, S., and Obaidat, M.S. (2023). Wireless Powered Mobile Edge Computing Networks: A Survey, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3579992"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, C., and Evans, B.L. (2013, January 3\u20135). Online calibration and synchronization of cellphone camera and gyroscope. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GlobalSIP.2013.6736995"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2477502","article-title":"Hybrid 3-D Localization for Visible Light Communication Systems","volume":"33","author":"Sahin","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1109\/49.400664","article-title":"Effective bandwidth in high-speed digital networks","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2794614","article-title":"Martingales-based energy-efficient D-ALOHA algorithms for MTC networks with delay-insensitive\/URLLC terminals co-existence","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5568","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2831207","article-title":"Adaptive Network Resource Optimization for Heterogeneous VLC\/RF Wireless Networks","volume":"66","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Tanaka, Y., Haruyama, S., and Nakagawa, M. (2000, January 18\u201321). Wireless optical transmissions with white colored LED for wireless home links. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications. PIMRC 2000. Proceedings (Cat. No.00TH8525), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2023, July 06). Visible Light Communications Consortium Publicize and Standardize Visible Light Communication Technology. Available online: https:\/\/j-photonics.org\/vlca\/en\/standard\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2019). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2013Part 15.7: Short-Range Optical Wireless Communications. Standard No. IEEE Std 802.15.7-2018."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2802937","article-title":"Link Selection in Hybrid RF\/VLC Systems under Statistical Queueing Constraints","volume":"17","author":"Hammouda","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8332","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2917226","article-title":"Blockchain in IoT Systems: End-to-End Delay Evaluation","volume":"6","author":"Alaslani","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2832203","article-title":"Traffic Allocation for Low-Latency Multi-Hop Networks with Buffers","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.013014.122055","article-title":"End-to-End Delay Distribution Analysis for Stochastic Admission Control in Multi-hop Wireless Networks","volume":"13","author":"Jiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciucu, F., Poloczek, F., and Schmitt, J. (May, January 27). Sharp per-flow delay bounds for bursty arrivals: The case of FIFO, SP, and EDF scheduling. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2014\u2014IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2014.6848129"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poloczek, F., and Ciucu, F. (May, January 26). Service-martingales: Theory and applications to the delay analysis of random access protocols. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2015.7218466"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peva.2014.07.004","article-title":"Scheduling analysis with martingales","volume":"79","author":"Poloczek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Perform. Eval."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2587080","article-title":"Scheduling Strategy for Multimedia Heterogeneous High-Speed Train Networks","volume":"66","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, T., Li, J., Shu, F., and Han, Z. (2018, January 9\u201313). Quality-of-Service Driven Resource Allocation Based on Martingale Theory. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2018.8647578"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2018.08.007","article-title":"Bandwidth estimation for aggregate traffic under delay QoS constraint based on supermartingale theory","volume":"130","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"161","article-title":"Indoor positioning by LED visible light communication and image sensors","volume":"1","author":"Rahman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Kim, B.Y., Cho, J.S., Park, Y., and Kim, K.D. (2012, January 4\u20136). Implementation of indoor positioning using LED and dual PC cameras. Proceedings of the 2012 Fourth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN), PUKet, Thailand."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, Y.S., Pannuto, P., Hsiao, K.J., and Dutta, P. (2014, January 7\u201311). Luxapose: Indoor positioning with mobile phones and visible light. Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639109"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1145\/2835376","article-title":"Indoor positioning using visible led lights: A survey","volume":"48","author":"Hassan","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2015.2504130","article-title":"Comparative theoretical analysis of distance estimation in visible light positioning systems","volume":"34","author":"Keskin","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e1tosi, M., and Simon, G. (2018, January 24\u201327). Real-time localization and tracking using visible light communication. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), Nantes, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2018.8533800"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2021.108334","article-title":"Optimal pulse design for visible light positioning systems","volume":"191","author":"Yazar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/14\/6340\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:11:35Z","timestamp":1760127095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/14\/6340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23146340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23146340","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]}}}