{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T16:23:41Z","timestamp":1776788621971,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Preferential Funding of Zhejiang Province","award":["ZJ2022116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZJ2022116"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Preferential Funding of Zhejiang Province","award":["B02006C019014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B02006C019014"]}]},{"name":"Independent Project of Hangzhou Institute","award":["ZJ2022116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZJ2022116"]}]},{"name":"Independent Project of Hangzhou Institute","award":["B02006C019014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B02006C019014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resolution enhancement is crucial for human vision. However, it can be resource-consuming in the display pipeline. Therefore, there is a need to develop a lightweight resolution improvement algorithm specifically targeting visual attention regions. This paper presents a spatial-interpolation-based algorithm to improve the resolution of the visual attention area. The eye-tracking system consists of a near-infrared camera and an event camera is proposed to obtain the 3D gaze vector and eye moving trajectory. Secondly, the observation coordinates are obtained by gaze vectors, and the visual attention region is defined by the sensitive field-of-view angle. Then, interpolation-based adaptive spatial resolution enhancement and contrast enhancement adjustment are performed in the visual attention area. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method is tested on both qualitative and quantitative dimensions. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly improve the visual effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T01:58:11Z","timestamp":1689213491000},"page":"6354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Adaptive Resolution Enhancement for Visual Attention Regions Based on Spatial Interpolation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zhixuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4364-6867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunlai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6611-8528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-Electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-010-0204-6","article-title":"A survey on super-resolution imaging","volume":"5","author":"Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Signal Image Video Process."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2003.1203207","article-title":"Super-resolution image reconstruction: A technical overview","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2016.05.002","article-title":"Image super-resolution: The techniques, applications, and future","volume":"128","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, A., Wang, Z., Wang, L., and Ren, Y. (2018). Super-resolution for \u201cJilin-1\u201d satellite video imagery via a convolutional network. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041194"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Siu, W.C., and Hung, K.W. (2012, January 3\u20136). Review of image interpolation and super-resolution. Proceedings of the 2012 Asia Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference, Hollywood, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101397","article-title":"Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: Perspectives and challenges","volume":"23","author":"Zhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00658-8","article-title":"Augmented reality and virtual reality displays: Emerging technologies and future perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-017-9676-0","article-title":"A review of the use of virtual reality head-mounted displays in education and training","volume":"23","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamone, V., Ferrari, V., D\u2019Amato, R., Condino, S., Cattari, N., and Cutolo, F. (2023). Head-Mounted Projector for Manual Precision Tasks: Performance Assessment. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23073494"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Simonyan, K., and Zisserman, A. (2014). Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, W.-S., Huang, J.-B., Ahuja, N., and Yang, M.-H. (2017, January 21\u201326). Deep laplacian pyramid networks for fast and accurate super-resolution. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.618"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo, Y., and Kim, S.J. (2021, January 20\u201325). Practical single-image super-resolution using look-up table. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Nashville, TN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00075"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5594\/j18173","article-title":"Stereoscopy and the human visual system","volume":"121","author":"Banks","year":"2012","journal-title":"SMPTE Motion Imaging J."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"199","article-title":"Image processing strategies based on visual attention models under simulated prosthetic vision","volume":"37","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yi Liao Qi Xie Za Zhi Chin. J. Med. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.21.3.1","article-title":"Visual attention in spatial cueing and visual search","volume":"21","author":"Baek","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, Z., Li, Y., and Li, J. (2010, January 23\u201325). Image segmentation algorithm based on improved visual attention model and region growing. Proceedings of the 2010 6th International Conference on Wireless Communications Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WICOM.2010.5601008"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Yang, J., Choi, M., Lee, J., Yoon, S., Kim, Y., and Park, W. (2018, January 12\u201315). Eye tracking based foveated rendering for 360 VR tiled video. Proceedings of the 9th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1145\/3204949.3208111"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Gribbon, K.T., and Bailey, D.G. (2004, January 28\u201330). A novel approach to real-time bilinear interpolation. Proceedings of the Proceedings. DELTA 2004. Second IEEE International Workshop on Electronic Design, Test and Applications, Perth, WA, Australia."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dengwen, Z. (2010, January 16\u201318). An edge-directed bicubic interpolation algorithm. Proceedings of the 2010 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Yantai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2010.5647190"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-014-0841-8","article-title":"Quantum image scaling using nearest neighbor interpolation","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01200891","article-title":"A wavelet-based interpolation-restoration method for superresolution (wavelet superresolution)","volume":"19","author":"Nguyen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circuits Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8746","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-02847-9","article-title":"Local linear embedding based interpolation neural network in pancreatic tumor segmentation","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2006.877407","article-title":"An edge-guided image interpolation algorithm via directional filtering and data fusion","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep learning-based video coding: A review and a case study","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. CSUR"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sa, Y. (2014, January 25\u201326). Improved bilinear interpolation method for image fast processing. Proceedings of the 2014 7th International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, Changsha, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICTA.2014.82"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2015.2439281","article-title":"Image super-resolution using deep convolutional networks","volume":"38","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheerlinck, C., Rebecq, H., Gehrig, D., Barnes, N., Mahony, R., and Scaramuzza, D. (2020, January 1\u20135). Fast image reconstruction with an event camera. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV), Snowmass Village, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV45572.2020.9093366"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2963386","article-title":"High speed and high dynamic range video with an event camera","volume":"43","author":"Rebecq","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-6392-3_3","article-title":"Eye tracking and eye-based human\u2013computer interaction","volume":"189","author":"Majaranta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Madhukar, B.N., and Narendra, R. (2013). Proceedings of the International Conference on VLSI, Communication, Advanced Devices, Signals & Systems and Networking (VCASAN-2013), Springer."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"65","article-title":"Algorithm and technique on various edge detection: A survey","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Signal Image Process."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826967","DOI":"10.3389\/frsip.2022.826967","article-title":"Survey of image edge detection","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2011.2118217","article-title":"A new scheme for robust gradient vector estimation in color images","volume":"20","author":"Nezhadarya","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4236\/jcc.2019.73002","article-title":"Image quality assessment through FSIM, SSIM, MSE and PSNR\u2014A comparative study","volume":"7","author":"Sara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-10035-z","article-title":"PSNR vs SSIM: Imperceptibility quality assessment for image steganography","volume":"80","author":"Setiadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-014-0446-1","article-title":"Mean opinion score (MOS) revisited: Methods and applications, limitations and alternatives","volume":"22","author":"Streijl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multimed. Syst."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/14\/6354\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:11:55Z","timestamp":1760127115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/14\/6354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23146354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23146354","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]}}}