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University","award":["318052157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["318052157"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper develops a concentration retrieval technique based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, which is used for a calibration-free wavelength modulation spectroscopy system. As compared with the commonly used technique based on the Levenberg\u2013Marquardt (LM) algorithm, the PSO-based method is less dependent on the pre-characterization of the laser tuning parameters. We analyzed the key parameters affecting the performance of the PSO-based technique and determined their optimal parameter values through testing. Furthermore, we conducted a comparative analysis of the efficacy of two techniques in detecting C2H2 concentration. The results showed that the PSO-based concentration retrieval technique is about 63 times faster than the LM-based one in achieving the same accuracy. Within 5 s, the PSO-based technique can produce findings that are generally consistent with the values anticipated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:49:30Z","timestamp":1689295770000},"page":"6374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Concentration Retrieval in a Calibration-Free Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy System Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongjie","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2343-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cunguang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.000859","article-title":"Simultaneous detection of atmospheric CH4 and CO using a single tunable multi-mode diode laser at 2.33 \u00b5m","volume":"24","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Opt. 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