{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T13:06:08Z","timestamp":1773666368853,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2021-127712OB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-127712OB-C21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, a microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) high-power amplifier (HPA) for Ku-band active radar applications based on gallium nitride on silicon (GaN-on-Si) is presented. The design is based on a three-stage architecture and was implemented using the D01GH technology provided by OMMIC foundry. Details on the architecture definition and design process to maximize delivered power are provided along with stability and thermal analyses. To optimize the amplifier performance, an asymmetry was included at the output combiner. Experimental results show that the HPA achieves a 39.5 dBm pulsed-mode output power, a peak linear gain of 23 dB, a drain efficiency of 27%, and good input\/output matching in the 16\u201319 GHz frequency range. The chip area is 5 \u00d7 3.5 mm2 and for the measurements was mounted on a custom-made module. These results demonstrate that GaN-on-Si-based Solid-State Power Amplifiers (SSPAs) can be used for the implementation of Ku-band active radars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:49:30Z","timestamp":1689295770000},"page":"6377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Ku-Band GaN-on-Si MMIC Power Amplifier with an Asymmetrical Output Combiner"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2610-883X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier del","family":"Pino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0087-2370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil Lalchand","family":"Khemchandani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics (IUMA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mayor-Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Innovative MMIC (WIMMIC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7296-021X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"San-Miguel-Montesdeoca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Innovative MMIC (WIMMIC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2565-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Mateos-Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Innovative MMIC (WIMMIC), 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"de Arriba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TTI, Celestia Technologies Group, 39001 Santander, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TTI, Celestia Technologies Group, 39001 Santander, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raynal, A.M., and Doerry, A.W. (2013). Initial Assessment of an Airborne Ku-Band Polarimetric SAR, Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM). (No. SAND2013-1636).","DOI":"10.2172\/1088069"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, June 12). AVISO, Satellite Altimetry Data. Available online: https:\/\/www.aviso.altimetry.fr\/en\/missions\/past-missions\/jason-1.html."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"94","article-title":"The Envisat Radar Altimeter System (RA-2)","volume":"98","author":"Resti","year":"1999","journal-title":"ESA Bull."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2023, June 12). Radartutorial, Surface Movement Radar ASTRE 2000. Available online: https:\/\/www.radartutorial.eu\/19.kartei\/03.atc\/karte007.en.html."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Terma (2023, June 12). SCANTER 1002: Ground Surveillance Radar. Available online: https:\/\/www.terma.com."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"SRC Inc. (2023, June 12). SR Hawk: Ground Surveillance Radar. 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Proceedings of the 2020 International Workshop on Integrated Nonlinear Microwave and Millimetre-Wave Circuits (INMMiC), Cardiff, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/INMMiC46721.2020.9160306"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasmi, A., Leblanc, R., Wroblewski, B., Lecourt, F., Poulain, J., Cutivet, A., and Hajjar, A. (2021, January 12\u201314). A 10 W, 35% Power Added Efficiency 6 to 18 GHz GaN Power Amplifier. Proceedings of the 2020 50th European Microwave Conference (EuMC), Utrecht, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.23919\/EuMC48046.2021.9338162"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moron, J., Leblanc, R., Lecourt, F., and Frijlink, P. (2018, January 10\u201315). 12W, 30% PAE, 40 GHz power amplifier MMIC using a commercially available GaN\/Si process. 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Circuit Symposium (CSICS), Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSICS.2016.7751009"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6602","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2789216","article-title":"Development of efficient high power amplifier with more than an octave bandwidth","volume":"6","author":"Malik","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERC18062601","article-title":"New stabilization technique to prevent parametric oscillations in a 35 W C-Band AlGaN\/GaN MMIC high power amplifier","volume":"86","author":"Gholami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res. C"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Anakabe, A., Collantes, J.M., Portilla, J., Jugo, J., Mallet, A., Lapierre, L., and Fraysse, J.P. (2022, January 2\u20137). Analysis and elimination of parametric oscillations in monolithic power amplifiers. 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Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Topical Conf. on RF\/Microwave Power Amplifiers for Radio and Wireless Applications (PAWR), Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PAWR.2017.7875585"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/14\/6377\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:12:20Z","timestamp":1760127140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/14\/6377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s23146377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23146377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]]}}}