{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T21:18:22Z","timestamp":1779311902864,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rice lodging causes a loss of yield and leads to lower-quality rice. In Japan, Koshihikari is the most popular rice variety, and it has been widely cultivated for many years despite its susceptibility to lodging. Reducing basal fertilizer is recommended when the available nitrogen in soil (SAN) exceeds the optimum level (80\u2013200 mg N kg\u22121). However, many commercial farmers prefer to simultaneously apply one-shot basal fertilizer at transplant time. This study investigated the relationship between the rice lodging and SAN content by assessing their spatial distributions from unmanned aircraft system (UAS) images in a Koshihikari paddy field where one-shot basal fertilizer was applied. We analyzed the severity of lodging using the canopy height model and spatially clarified a heavily lodged area and a non-lodged area. For the SAN assessment, we selected green and red band pixel digital numbers from multispectral images and developed a SAN estimating equation by regression analysis. The estimated SAN values were rasterized and compiled into a 1 m mesh to create a soil fertility map. The heavily lodged area roughly coincided with the higher SAN area. A negative correlation was observed between the rice inclination angle and the estimated SAN, and rice lodging occurred even within the optimum SAN level. These results show that the amount of one-shot basal fertilizer applied to Koshihikari should be reduced when absorbable nitrogen (SAN + fertilizer nitrogen) exceeds 200 mg N kg\u22121.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:46:02Z","timestamp":1689644762000},"page":"6466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Predicting Rice Lodging Risk from the Distribution of Available Nitrogen in Soil Using UAS Images in a Paddy Field"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6220-9342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nozomi Kaneko","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu 5148507, Japan"},{"name":"Office SoilCares, Yokkaichi 5100035, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsuji Farm Co., Ltd., Tsu 5140126, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Iijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 1920397, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9183-2720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuhito","family":"Sekiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu 5148507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6287-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunio","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu 5148507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12284-018-0207-4","article-title":"Koshihikari: A Premium Short-Grain Rice Cultivar\u2014Its Expansion and Breeding in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rice"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4290(96)01058-1","article-title":"Lodging Reduces Yield of Rice by Self-Shading and Reductions in Canopy Photosynthesis","volume":"49","author":"Setter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"251","article-title":"Current Technology and Challenges of Self-Threshing Combine Harvesters","volume":"49","author":"Iizumi","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. 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