{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:21:02Z","timestamp":1760149262101,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, two sector beam scanning approaches (BSAs) based on element position perturbations (EPPs) in the azimuth plane are introduced. In EPP-BSA, the elements\u2019 excitations are kept constant and the elements\u2019 positions in the direction normal to the array line are changed according to a predetermined EPP pattern. The magnitude and repetition rate of the selected EPP pattern determines the steering angle of the main beam. However, EPP-BSA results in a wide scanning range with a significant increase in the side lobe level (SLL). To mitigate this drawback, a reduction in the SLL of the array pattern is firstly performed using the single convolution\/genetic algorithm (SC\/GA) technique and then perturbing the elements\u2019 positions in the azimuth plane. This combination between SLL reduction and EPP-BSA (SLL\/EPP-BSA) results in a smaller scanning range with a relatively constant half power beamwidth (HPBW) and a much lower SLL. In addition, keeping the synthesized excitation coefficients constant without adding progressive phase shifters facilitates the manufacturing process and reduces the cost of the feeding network. Furthermore, a planar antenna array thinning approach is proposed to realize the EPP-BSA. The results are realized using the computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio software package, which provides users with an optimized modeling environment and results in realizable and realistic designs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T01:58:38Z","timestamp":1689904718000},"page":"6557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Linear Antenna Array Sectorized Beam Scanning Approaches Using Element Position Perturbation in the Azimuth Plane"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Safaa I.","family":"Abd Elrahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Elkhawaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amr H.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"},{"name":"Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Horus University Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abd Elhameed A.","family":"Shaalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mailloux, R.J. 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