{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:13:35Z","timestamp":1768320815064,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]],"date-time":"2023-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre","award":["IS-BRC-1215-20017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-BRC-1215-20017"]}]},{"name":"Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre","award":["820820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["820820"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (JU)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IS-BRC-1215-20017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-BRC-1215-20017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010767","name":"Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (JU)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["820820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["820820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Neurocare and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Support Group UK","award":["IS-BRC-1215-20017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IS-BRC-1215-20017"]}]},{"name":"Neurocare and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Support Group UK","award":["820820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["820820"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is characterised by progressive lower-limb spasticity and weakness resulting in ambulation difficulties. During clinical practice, walking is observed and\/or assessed by timed 10-m walk tests; time, feasibility, and methodological reliability are barriers to detailed characterisation of patients\u2019 walking abilities when instrumenting this test. Wearable sensors have the potential to overcome such drawbacks once a validated approach is available for patients with HSP. Therefore, while limiting patients\u2019 and assessors\u2019 burdens, this study aims to validate the adoption of a single lower-back wearable inertial sensor approach for step detection in HSP patients; this is the first essential algorithmic step in quantifying most gait temporal metrics. After filtering the 3D acceleration signal based on its smoothness and enhancing the step-related peaks, initial contacts (ICs) were identified as positive zero-crossings of the processed signal. The proposed approach was validated on thirteen individuals with HSP while they performed three 10-m tests and wore pressure insoles used as a gold standard. Overall, the single-sensor approach detected 794 ICs (87% correctly identified) with high accuracy (median absolute errors (mae): 0.05 s) and excellent reliability (ICC = 1.00). Although about 12% of the ICs were missed and the use of walking aids introduced extra ICs, a minor impact was observed on the step time quantifications (mae 0.03 s (5.1%), ICC = 0.89); the use of walking aids caused no significant differences in the average step time quantifications. Therefore, the proposed single-sensor approach provides a reliable methodology for step identification in HSP, augmenting the gait information that can be accurately and objectively extracted from patients with HSP during their clinical assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T01:58:38Z","timestamp":1689904718000},"page":"6563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Single-Sensor Approach to Quantify Gait in Patients with Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Linda M. A.","family":"van Gelder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8255-4730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tecla","family":"Bonci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0968-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen E.","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Salis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Hadjivassiliou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5215-1746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Mazz\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}]},{"given":"Channa","family":"Hewamadduma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Department of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"},{"name":"The Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3282f190ba","article-title":"Hereditary spastic paraplegias: An update","volume":"20","author":"Depienne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. 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