{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T19:08:30Z","timestamp":1771700910114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union under the Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) of NextGenerationEU","award":["PE00000001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000001"]}]},{"name":"European Union under the Italian National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) of NextGenerationEU","award":["CUP F83C22001690001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP F83C22001690001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ambient energy-powered sensors are becoming increasingly crucial for the sustainability of the Internet-of-Things (IoT). In particular, batteryless sensors are a cost-effective solution that require no battery maintenance, last longer and have greater weatherproofing properties due to the lack of a battery access panel. In this work, we study adaptive transmission algorithms to improve the performance of batteryless IoT sensors based on the LoRa protocol. First, we characterize the device power consumption during sensor measurement and\/or transmission events. Then, we consider different scenarios and dynamically tune the most critical network parameters, such as inter-packet transmission time, data redundancy and packet size, to optimize the operation of the device. We design appropriate capacity-based storage, considering a renewable energy source (e.g., photovoltaic panel), and we analyze the probability of energy failures by exploiting both theoretical models and real energy traces. The results can be used as feedback to re-design the device to have an appropriate amount energy storage and meet certain reliability constraints. Finally, a cost analysis is also provided for the energy characteristics of our system, taking into account the dimensioning of both the capacitor and solar panel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T01:58:38Z","timestamp":1689904718000},"page":"6568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Adaptive Algorithms for Batteryless LoRa-Based Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5784-6902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Giuliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Palermo Research Unit, CNIT (National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications), 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0342-4760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Palermo Research Unit, CNIT (National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications), 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7663-4702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Croce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Palermo Research Unit, CNIT (National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications), 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5439-6835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianpaolo","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ilenia","family":"Tinnirello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Palermo Research Unit, CNIT (National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications), 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science Engineering, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3664","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3230505","article-title":"A Survey on LoRa for Smart Agriculture: Current Trends and Future Perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Pagano","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"La Rosa, R., Dehollain, C., Costanza, M., Speciale, A., Viola, F., and Livreri, P. 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