{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:14:03Z","timestamp":1780384443165,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":204,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A rapidly expanding global population and a sizeable portion of it that is aging are the main causes of the significant increase in healthcare costs. Healthcare in terms of monitoring systems is undergoing radical changes, making it possible to gauge or monitor the health conditions of people constantly, while also removing some minor possibilities of going to the hospital. The development of automated devices that are either attached to organs or the skin, continually monitoring human activity, has been made feasible by advancements in sensor technologies, embedded systems, wireless communication technologies, nanotechnologies, and miniaturization being ultra-thin, lightweight, highly flexible, and stretchable. Wearable sensors track physiological signs together with other symptoms such as respiration, pulse, and gait pattern, etc., to spot unusual or unexpected events. Help may therefore be provided when it is required. In this study, wearable sensor-based activity-monitoring systems for people are reviewed, along with the problems that need to be overcome. In this review, we have shown smart detecting and versatile wearable electrical sensing mediums in healthcare. We have compiled piezoelectric-, electrostatic-, and thermoelectric-based wearable sensors and their working mechanisms, along with their principles, while keeping in view the different medical and healthcare conditions and a discussion on the application of these biosensors in human health. A comparison is also made between the three types of wearable energy-harvesting sensors: piezoelectric-, electrostatic-, and thermoelectric-based on their output performance. Finally, we provide a future outlook on the current challenges and opportunities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T03:03:25Z","timestamp":1690167805000},"page":"6586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Smart Detecting and Versatile Wearable Electrical Sensing Mediums for Healthcare"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ahsan","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Wah, Wah Cantonment 47040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muaz","family":"Ashfaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Wah, Wah Cantonment 47040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleen","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Wah, Wah Cantonment 47040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umar","family":"Muzammil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Wah, Wah Cantonment 47040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamna","family":"Shaukat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule: Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mang 22621, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaukat","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, University of Wah, Wah Cantonment 47040, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3618-1187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wael A.","family":"Altabey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Institute for Urban Systems Engineering (IIUSE), Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2793-5194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Noori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93405, USA"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0675-2994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sallam A.","family":"Kouritem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majumder, S., Mondal, T., and Deen, M.J. 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