{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:55:26Z","timestamp":1770274526030,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]],"date-time":"2023-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian agencies CNPq","award":["E-26\/210.041\/2021-258888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.041\/2021-258888"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian agencies CNPq","award":["E-26\/210.958\/2021-267483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.958\/2021-267483"]}]},{"name":"CAPES (Code 001)","award":["E-26\/210.041\/2021-258888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.041\/2021-258888"]}]},{"name":"CAPES (Code 001)","award":["E-26\/210.958\/2021-267483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.958\/2021-267483"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/210.041\/2021-258888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.041\/2021-258888"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/210.958\/2021-267483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/210.958\/2021-267483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work proposes a mathematical solution for the attitude control problem of an ornithopter wing. An ornithopter is an artificial bird or insect-like aerial vehicle whose flight and lift movements are produced and maintained by flapping wings. The aerodynamical drag forces responsible for the flying movements are generated by the wing attitude and torques applied to its joints. This mechanical system represents a challenging problem because its dynamics consist of MIMO nonlinear equations with couplings in the input variables. For dealing with such a mathematical model, an Active Disturbance Rejection Control-based (ADRC) method is considered. The cited control technique has been studied for almost two decades and its main characteristics are the use of an extended state observer to estimate the nonmeasurable signals of the plant and a state-feedback control law in standard form fed by that observer. However, even today, the application of the basic methodology requires the exact knowledge of the plant\u2019s control gain which is difficult to measure in the case of systems with uncertain parameters. In addition, most of the related works apply the ADRC strategy to Single Input Single Output (SISO) plants. For MIMO systems, the control gain is represented by a square matrix of general entries but most of the reported works consider the simplified case of uncoupled inputs, in which a diagonal matrix is assumed. In this paper, an extension of the ADRC SISO strategy for MIMO systems is proposed. By adopting such a control methodology, the resulting closed-loop scheme exhibits some key advantages: (i) it is robust to parametric uncertainties; (ii) it can compensate for external disturbances and unmodeled dynamics; (iii) even for nonlinear plants, mathematical analysis using Laplace\u2019s approach can be always used; and (iv) it can deal with system\u2019s coupled input variables. A complete mathematical model for the dynamics of the ornithopter wing system is presented. The efficiency of the proposed control is analyzed mathematically, discussed, and illustrated via simulation results of its application in the attitude control of ornithopter wings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23146602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T03:03:25Z","timestamp":1690167805000},"page":"6602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Attitude Control of Ornithopter Wing by Using a MIMO Active Disturbance Rejection Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0224-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josiel Alves","family":"Gouv\u00eaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control Systems and Automation Engineering, Federal Center of Technological Education of Rio de Janeiro, Nova Igua\u00e7u 26.041-271, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1774-3447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano Santos Constantin","family":"Raptopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control Systems and Automation Engineering, Federal Center of Technological Education of Rio de Janeiro, Nova Igua\u00e7u 26.041-271, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6916-700X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena Faria","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal Center of Technological Education of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20.271-110, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4529-3017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elkin Yesid Veslin","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electromechanical Engineering Program, Santander Technology Units, Bucaramanga 680006, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3628-4749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max Suell","family":"Dutra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21.941-598, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8093-4633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Costa de","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal Center of Technological Education of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20.271-110, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4000-8583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Manuel Oliveira","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal Center of Technological Education of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20.271-110, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5671-5588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro Rosa Lopes","family":"Zachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal Center of Technological Education of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20.271-110, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fearing, R.S., Chiang, K.H., Dickinson, M.H., Pick, D., Sitti, M., and Yan, J. 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