{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T11:10:04Z","timestamp":1762254604285,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]],"date-time":"2023-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wooptix S.L."},{"name":"Cabildo insular de Tenerife, Tenerife 2030, MEDI"},{"name":"Agustin de Betancourt program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We have designed, assembled, and evaluated a compact instrument capable of capturing the wavefront phase in real time, across various scenarios. Our approach simplifies the optical setup and configuration, which reduces the conventional capture and computation time when compared to other methods that use two defocused images. We evaluated the feasibility of using an electrically tunable lens in our camera by addressing its issues and optimizing its performance. Additionally, we conducted a comparison study between our approach and a Shack\u2013Hartmann sensor. The camera was tested on multiple targets, such as deformable mirrors, lenses with aberrations, and a liquid lens in movement. Working at the highest resolution of the CMOS sensor with a small effective pixel size enables us to achieve the maximum level of detail in lateral resolution, leading to increased sensitivity to high-spatial-frequency signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T01:09:01Z","timestamp":1690333741000},"page":"6651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Real-Time Wavefront Sensing at High Resolution with an Electrically Tunable Lens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2093-5423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Oliva-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wooptix S.L., 38204 La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8259-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Cair\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medial Scienes, University of La Laguna, 38204 La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7785-0746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Trujillo-Sevilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wooptix S.L., 38204 La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Velasco-Oca\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wooptix S.L., 38204 La Laguna, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wooptix S.L., 38204 La Laguna, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medial Scienes, University of La Laguna, 38204 La Laguna, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1051\/eas:2006131","article-title":"Wavefront Sensing: From Historical Roots to the State-of-the-Art","volume":"22","author":"Campbell","year":"2006","journal-title":"EAS Publ. 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