{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:31:24Z","timestamp":1775766684007,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["RGP2\/61\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/61\/44"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["PNURSP2023R234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R234"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["RSPD2023R787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R787"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP2\/61\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/61\/44"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2023R234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RSPD2023R787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R787"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RGP2\/61\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/61\/44"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["PNURSP2023R234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R234"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSPD2023R787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R787"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]},{"name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","award":["RGP2\/61\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/61\/44"]}]},{"name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","award":["PNURSP2023R234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R234"]}]},{"name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","award":["RSPD2023R787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R787"]}]},{"name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]},{"name":"Future University in Egypt (FUE)","award":["RGP2\/61\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/61\/44"]}]},{"name":"Future University in Egypt (FUE)","award":["PNURSP2023R234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R234"]}]},{"name":"Future University in Egypt (FUE)","award":["RSPD2023R787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R787"]}]},{"name":"Future University in Egypt (FUE)","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the tremendous growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), sensing technologies, and wearables, the quality of medical services has been enhanced, and it has shifted from standard medical-based health services to real time. Commonly, the sensors can be combined as numerous clinical devices to store the biosignals generated by the physiological actions of the human body. Meanwhile, a familiar method with a noninvasive and rapid biomedical electrocardiogram (ECG) signal can be used to diagnose and examine cardiovascular disease (CVD). As the growing number of patients is destroying the classification outcome because of major changes in the ECG signal patterns among numerous patients, computer-assisted automatic diagnostic tools are needed for ECG signal classification. Therefore, this study presents a mud ring optimization technique with a deep learning-based ECG signal classification (MROA-DLECGSC) technique. The presented MROA-DLECGSC approach recognizes the presence of heart disease using ECG signals. To accomplish this, the MROA-DLECGSC technique initially preprocessed the ECG signals to transform them into a uniform format. In addition, the Stacked Autoencoder Topographic Map (SAETM) approach was utilized for the classification of ECG signals to identify the presence of CVDs. Finally, the MROA was applied as a hyperparameter optimizer, which assisted in accomplishing enhanced performance. The experimental outcomes of the MROA-DLECGSC algorithm were tested on the benchmark database, and the results show the better performance of the MROA-DLECGSC methodology compared to other recent algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T01:09:01Z","timestamp":1690333741000},"page":"6675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mud Ring Optimization Algorithm with Deep Learning Model for Disease Diagnosis on ECG Monitoring System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6829-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ala Saleh","family":"Alluhaidan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-5430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mashael","family":"Maashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 103786, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Munya A.","family":"Arasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Arts in RijalAlmaa, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1066-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6367-2977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Assiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amani A.","family":"Alneil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Sciences and Humanities-Aflaj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Aflaj 16273, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Computer and Self Development, Preparatory Year Deanship, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2022.12.016","article-title":"Electrocardiogram Detection of Pulmonary Hypertension Using Deep Learning","volume":"29","author":"Aras","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105249","article-title":"ECG-based real-time arrhythmia monitoring using quantized deep neural networks: A feasibility study","volume":"143","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal, V., Hazratifard, M., Elmiligi, H., and Gebali, F. (2023). Electrocardiogram (ECG)-Based User Authentication Using Deep Learning Algorithms. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030439"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Wang, P., Lin, Z., Yan, X., Chen, Z., Ding, M., Song, Y., and Meng, L. (2022). A wearable ECG monitor for deep learning based real-time cardiovascular disease detection. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.114031","article-title":"Exploiting dimensionality reduction and neural network techniques for the development of expert brain\u2013computer interfaces","volume":"164","author":"Sadiq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2021.3129316","article-title":"iKardo: An Intelligent ECG Device for Automatic Critical Beat Identification for Smart Healthcare","volume":"67","author":"Maji","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"3739","article-title":"Internet of things based electrocardiogram monitoring system using machine learning algorithm","volume":"12","author":"Rahaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S.N., and Bhushan, M. (2022, January 26\u201327). Smart ECG monitoring and analysis system using machine learning. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE VLSI Device Circuit and System (VLSI DCS), Kolkata, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSIDCS53788.2022.9811433"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015amigiel, S., Pa\u0142czy\u0144ski, K., and Ledzi\u0144ski, D. (2021). ECG signal classification using deep learning techniques based on the PTB-XL dataset. Entropy, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/e23091121"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mhamdi, L., Dammak, O., Cottin, F., and Dhaou, I.B. (2022). Artificial Intelligence for Cardiac Diseases Diagnosis and Prediction Using ECG Images on Embedded Systems. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10082013"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106511","article-title":"Fuzz-ClustNet: Coupled fuzzy clustering and deep neural networks for Arrhythmia detection from ECG signals","volume":"153","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503113","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3147328","article-title":"Homecare-Oriented ECG Diagnosis with Large-Scale Deep Neural Network for Continuous Monitoring on Embedded Devices","volume":"71","author":"Ran","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.103638","article-title":"IoT-based ECG monitoring for arrhythmia classification using Coyote Grey Wolf optimization-based deep learning CNN classifier","volume":"76","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12864","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.12864","article-title":"Internet of things and deep learning enabled healthcare disease diagnosis using biomedical electrocardiogram signals","volume":"40","author":"Khanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6663","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3159583","article-title":"A cybertwin based multimodal network for ECG patterns monitoring using deep learning","volume":"18","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74586","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988059","article-title":"IoT-assisted ECG monitoring framework with secure data transmission for health care applications","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109852","article-title":"Cardiac disease detection from ECG signal using discrete wavelet transform with machine learning method","volume":"187","author":"Suhail","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9223599","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9223599","article-title":"Extracting a Novel Emotional EEG Topographic Map Based on a Stacked Autoencoder Network","volume":"2023","author":"Vafaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50448","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3173401","article-title":"Mud Ring Algorithm: A new meta-heuristic optimization algorithm for solving mathematical and engineering challenges","volume":"10","author":"Desuky","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafar, M.H., Abou Houran, M., Mansoor, M., Khan, N.M., Moosavi, S.K.R., Khan, M.K., and Akhtar, N. (2023). A Novel MPPT Controller Based on Mud Ring Optimization Algorithm for Centralized Thermoelectric Generator under Dynamic Thermal Gradients. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13074213"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.32604\/csse.2022.021698","article-title":"Automated Deep Learning Based Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis Using ECG Signals","volume":"42","author":"Karthik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Syst. Sci. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/15\/6675\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:19:01Z","timestamp":1760127541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/15\/6675"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s23156675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23156675","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]}}}