{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T07:33:34Z","timestamp":1778916814123,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C1010362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C1010362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University Research Fund","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C1010362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C1010362"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is widely used to detect and classify retinal diseases. However, OCT-image-based manual detection by ophthalmologists is prone to errors and subjectivity. Thus, various automation methods have been proposed; however, improvements in detection accuracy are required. Particularly, automated techniques using deep learning on OCT images are being developed to detect various retinal disorders at an early stage. Here, we propose a deep learning-based automatic method for detecting and classifying retinal diseases using OCT images. The diseases include age-related macular degeneration, branch retinal vein occlusion, central retinal vein occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy, and diabetic macular edema. The proposed method comprises four main steps: three pretrained models, DenseNet-201, InceptionV3, and ResNet-50, are first modified according to the nature of the dataset, after which the features are extracted via transfer learning. The extracted features are improved, and the best features are selected using ant colony optimization. Finally, the best features are passed to the k-nearest neighbors and support vector machine algorithms for final classification. The proposed method, evaluated using OCT retinal images collected from Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, demonstrates an accuracy of 99.1% with the incorporation of ACO. Without ACO, the accuracy achieved is 97.4%. Furthermore, the proposed method exhibits state-of-the-art performance and outperforms existing techniques in terms of accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T02:14:48Z","timestamp":1690424088000},"page":"6706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Optical Coherence Tomography Image Classification Using Hybrid Deep Learning and Ant Colony Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5919-1538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awais","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ICT Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuntha","family":"Pin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ICT Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahsan","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ICT Convergence, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung Woo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3318-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunyoung","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13232","DOI":"10.1111\/exsy.13232","article-title":"A deep feature fusion and selection-based retinal eye disease detection from OCT images","volume":"40","author":"Umer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2011.570846","article-title":"Emerging therapies for the treatment of neovascular age related macular degeneration","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. 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