{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:27:33Z","timestamp":1779208053431,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios del Entrenamiento Deportivo en Alto Rendimiento Deportivo (CEEDAR). Direcci\u00f3n Provincial de Deportes Pinar del R\u00edo, Rep\u00fablica de Cuba","award":["10012023-DPD-m-Pinar del R\u00edo"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10012023-DPD-m-Pinar del R\u00edo"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Performance analysis based on artificial intelligence together with game-related statistical models aims to provide relevant information before, during and after a competition. Due to the evaluation of handball performance focusing mainly on the result and not on the analysis of the dynamics of the game pace through artificial intelligence, the aim of this study was to design and validate a specific handball instrument based on real-time observational methodology capable of identifying, quantifying, classifying and relating individual and collective tactical behaviours during the game. First, an instrument validation by an expert panel was performed. Ten experts answered a questionnaire regarding the relevance and appropriateness of each variable presented. Subsequently, data were validated by two observers (1.5 and 2 years of handball observational analysis experience) recruited to analyse a Champions League match. Instrument validity showed a high accordance degree among experts (Cohen\u2019s kappa index (k) = 0.889). For both automatic and manual variables, a very good intra- ((automatic: Cronbach\u2019s alpha (\u03b1) = 0.984; intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.970; k = 0.917) (manual: \u03b1 = 0.959; ICC = 0.923; k = 0.858)) and inter-observer ((automatic: \u03b1 = 0.976; ICC = 0.961; k = 0.874) (manual: \u03b1 = 0.959; ICC = 0.923; k = 0.831) consistency and reliability was found. These results show a high degree of instrument validity, reliability and accuracy providing handball coaches, analysts, and researchers a novel tool to improve handball performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T02:10:45Z","timestamp":1690510245000},"page":"6714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Development and Validation of an Observational Game Analysis Tool with Artificial Intelligence for Handball: Handball.ai"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9458-5251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moises","family":"Marquina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad F\u00edsica y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, C\/Mart\u00edn Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5443-6721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demetrio","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, Villanueva de G\u00e1llego, 50830 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7112-3636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Garc\u00eda-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad F\u00edsica y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, C\/Mart\u00edn Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1551-7574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), Centro de Evaluaci\u00f3n y Rehabilitaci\u00f3n Neuropsicol\u00f3gica, University of Almer\u00eda, Ctra. Sacramento, s\/n, 04120 Almer\u00eda, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5249-1399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"de la Rubia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad F\u00edsica y del Deporte (INEF), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, C\/Mart\u00edn Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Rubia, A., Ugalde-Ram\u00edrez, A., Guti\u00e9rrez-Vargas, R., and Pino-Ortega, J. (2022). Does the New Resin-Free Molten D60 Ball Have an Impact on the Velocity and Accuracy of Handball Throws?. Appl. 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