{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:21:48Z","timestamp":1760149308167,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MCST)","award":["R2022020059","2019R1A2C1005163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2022020059","2019R1A2C1005163"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["R2022020059","2019R1A2C1005163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2022020059","2019R1A2C1005163"]}]},{"name":"IC Design Education Center (IDEC), Republic of Korea","award":["R2022020059","2019R1A2C1005163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2022020059","2019R1A2C1005163"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sound rendering is the process of determining the sound propagation path from an audio source to a listener and generating 3D sound based on it. This task demands complex calculations, including trigonometric functions. This paper presents hardware-based inverse cosine function calculations using the table method and linear approximation. This approach maintains a high accuracy while limiting hardware size for suitability in sound rendering applications. Consequently, our proposed hardware-based inverse cosine calculation method is a valuable tool for achieving high efficiency and accuracy in 3D sound rendering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T02:10:45Z","timestamp":1690510245000},"page":"6731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Implementation of Inverse Cosine Hardware for Sound Rendering Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9170-1483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheong-Ghil","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Namseoul University, Cheonan 31020, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeon-Kug","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Seongnam 13509, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woo-Chan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"711","article-title":"(M, p, k)-Friendly Points: A Table-Based Method to Evaluate Trigonometric Function","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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