{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T17:07:50Z","timestamp":1778000870890,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the pursuit of optimizing the efficiency, flexibility, and adaptability of agricultural practices, human\u2013robot interaction (HRI) has emerged in agriculture. Enabled by the ongoing advancement in information and communication technologies, this approach aspires to overcome the challenges originating from the inherent complex agricultural environments. \u03a4his paper systematically reviews the scholarly literature to capture the current progress and trends in this promising field as well as identify future research directions. It can be inferred that there is a growing interest in this field, which relies on combining perspectives from several disciplines to obtain a holistic understanding. The subject of the selected papers is mainly synergistic target detection, while simulation was the main methodology. Furthermore, melons, grapes, and strawberries were the crops with the highest interest for HRI applications. Finally, collaboration and cooperation were the most preferred interaction modes, with various levels of automation being examined. On all occasions, the synergy of humans and robots demonstrated the best results in terms of system performance, physical workload of workers, and time needed to execute the performed tasks. However, despite the associated progress, there is still a long way to go towards establishing viable, functional, and safe human\u2013robot interactive systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T02:13:32Z","timestamp":1690769612000},"page":"6776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Human\u2013Robot Interaction in Agriculture: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2150-5166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lefteris","family":"Benos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bio-Economy and Agri-Technology (IBO), Centre of Research and Technology-Hellas (CERTH), Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Moysiadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bio-Economy and Agri-Technology (IBO), Centre of Research and Technology-Hellas (CERTH), Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Telecommunications, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece"},{"name":"FarmB Digital Agriculture S.A., 17th November 79, 55534 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5731-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Kateris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bio-Economy and Agri-Technology (IBO), Centre of Research and Technology-Hellas (CERTH), Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5743-625X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristotelis C.","family":"Tagarakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bio-Economy and Agri-Technology (IBO), Centre of Research and Technology-Hellas (CERTH), Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Busato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interuniversity Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning (DIST), Polytechnic of Turin, Viale Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4297-4837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Institute for Agri-Food Technology (LIAT), University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7058-5986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dionysis","family":"Bochtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Bio-Economy and Agri-Technology (IBO), Centre of Research and Technology-Hellas (CERTH), Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3559","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31150-5","article-title":"Meeting sustainable development goals via robotics and autonomous systems","volume":"13","author":"Guenat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, June 01). IFR Press Room Robots Help Reaching UN Goals of Sustainable Development, International Federation of Robotics Reports. Available online: https:\/\/ifr.org\/ifr-press-releases\/news\/robots-help-reaching-un-sdgs."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s43154-022-00077-6","article-title":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems for Net Zero Agriculture","volume":"3","author":"Pearson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Robot. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lampridi, M., S\u00f8rensen, C., and Bochtis, D. (2019). Agricultural Sustainability: A Review of Concepts and Methods. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11185120"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bochtis, D.D., S\u00f8rensen, C.G., Fountas, S., Moysiadis, V., and Pardalos, P.M. (2022). From Precision Agriculture to Agriculture 4.0: Integrating ICT in Farming\u2014Information and Communication Technologies for Agriculture\u2014Theme III: Decision, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-84152-2"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2020.1791675","article-title":"Development of precision agriculture and ICT application thereof to manage spatial variability of crop growth","volume":"66","author":"Toriyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lampridi, M.G., Kateris, D., Vasileiadis, G., Marinoudi, V., Pearson, S., S\u00f8rensen, C.G., Balafoutis, A., and Bochtis, D. (2019). A Case-Based Economic Assessment of Robotics Employment in Precision Arable Farming. Agronomy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9040175"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2019.06.013","article-title":"Robotics and labour in agriculture. A context consideration","volume":"184","author":"Marinoudi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Terazono, E. (2022, September 22). Farm Robots Given COVID-19 Boost. Available online: https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/0b394693-137b-40a4-992b-0b742202e4e1."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bochtis, D., Benos, L., Lampridi, M., Marinoudi, V., Pearson, S., and S\u00f8rensen, C.G. (2020). Agricultural workforce crisis in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12198212"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moysiadis, V., Tsolakis, N., Katikaridis, D., S\u00f8rensen, C.G., Pearson, S., and Bochtis, D. (2020). Mobile Robotics in Agricultural Operations: A Narrative Review on Planning Aspects. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10103453"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s43154-022-00074-9","article-title":"Field Deployment of Robotic Systems for Agriculture in Light of Key Safety, Labor, Ethics and Legislation Issues","volume":"3","author":"Benos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Robot. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, L.F.P., Moreira, A.P., and Silva, M.F. (2021). Advances in Agriculture Robotics: A State-of-the-Art Review and Challenges Ahead. Robotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics10020052"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Droukas, L., Doulgeri, Z., Tsakiridis, N.L., Triantafyllou, D., Kleitsiotis, I., Mariolis, I., Giakoumis, D., Tzovaras, D., Kateris, D., and Bochtis, D. (2022). A Survey of Robotic Harvesting Systems and Enabling Technologies. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-022-01793-z"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldinhas Ferreira, M.I., and Fletcher, S.R. (2022). Ethical Aspects of Human\u2013Robot Collaboration in Industrial Work Settings BT\u2014The 21st Century Industrial Robot: When Tools Become Collaborators, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78513-0"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2016.06.014","article-title":"Agricultural robots for field operations: Concepts and components","volume":"149","author":"Bechar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinoudi, V., Lampridi, M., Kateris, D., Pearson, S., S\u00f8rensen, C.G., and Bochtis, D. (2021). The Future of Agricultural Jobs in View of Robotization. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132112109"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2013.05.007","article-title":"Human-aware robot navigation: A survey","volume":"61","author":"Kruse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rob. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2015.1130251","article-title":"Human\u2013robot interaction review and challenges on task planning and programming","volume":"29","author":"Tsarouchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.03.008","article-title":"HRI usability evaluation of interaction modes for a teleoperated agricultural robotic sprayer","volume":"62","author":"Adamides","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2020.09.009","article-title":"Safety and ergonomics in human-robot interactive agricultural operations","volume":"200","author":"Benos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799522","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2022.799522","article-title":"Human Factors Considerations and Metrics in Shared Space Human-Robot Collaboration: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Hopko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2018.12.005","article-title":"Human\u2013robot interaction in agriculture: A survey and current challenges","volume":"179","author":"Vasconez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moysiadis, V., Katikaridis, D., Benos, L., Busato, P., Anagnostis, A., Kateris, D., Pearson, S., and Bochtis, D. (2022). An Integrated Real-Time Hand Gesture Recognition Framework for Human\u2013Robot Interaction in Agriculture. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12168160"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, D., Yu, Y., and Liu, H. (2016, January 3\u20137). Gesture recognition using data glove: An extreme learning machine method. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), Qingdao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2016.7866514"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaramillo-Y\u00e1nez, A., Benalc\u00e1zar, M.E., and Mena-Maldonado, E. (2020). Real-Time Hand Gesture Recognition Using Surface Electromyography and Machine Learning: A Systematic Literature Review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092467"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00637","article-title":"Hand-Gesture Recognition Based on EMG and Event-Based Camera Sensor Fusion: A Benchmark in Neuromorphic Computing","volume":"14","author":"Ceolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, D.-S., Ho, N.-H., Yang, H.-J., Baek, E.-T., Kim, S.-H., and Lee, G. (2020). Real-Time Hand Gesture Spotting and Recognition Using RGB-D Camera and 3D Convolutional Neural Network. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020722"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oudah, M., Al-Naji, A., and Chahl, J. (2020). Hand Gesture Recognition Based on Computer Vision: A Review of Techniques. J. Imaging, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging6080073"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2020.1713886","article-title":"Depth vision guided hand gesture recognition using electromyographic signals","volume":"34","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Robot."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"957","article-title":"Social robot navigation based on HRI non-verbal communication: A case study on avocado harvesting","volume":"Volume Part F147772","author":"Vasconez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, B., Cruz, L., and Gon\u00e7alves, N. (2021, January 23\u20135). Face Depth Prediction by the Scene Depth. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE\/ACIS 19th International Conference on Computer and Information Science (ICIS), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIS51600.2021.9516598"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bochtis, D.D., Pearson, S., Lampridi, M., Marinoudi, V., and Pardalos, P.M. (2021). An Analysis of Safety and Health Issues in Agriculture Towards Work Automation BT\u2014Information and Communication Technologies for Agriculture\u2014Theme IV: Actions, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-84156-0"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benos, L., Tsaopoulos, D., and Bochtis, D. (2020). A Review on Ergonomics in Agriculture. Part I: Manual Operations. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10061905"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102744","article-title":"Do you feel safe with your robot? Factors influencing perceived safety in human-robot interaction based on subjective and objective measures","volume":"158","author":"Akalin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2022.104047","article-title":"Perceived safety in physical human\u2013robot interaction\u2014A survey","volume":"151","author":"Rubagotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rob. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2019.2904558","article-title":"Evaluating Fluency in Human\u2013Robot Collaboration","volume":"49","author":"Hoffman","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum. Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, A., Silva, F., and Santos, V. (2021). Trends of Human-Robot Collaboration in Industry Contexts: Handover, Learning, and Metrics. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21124113"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizanoor Rahman, S.M. (2021, January 1\u20132). Performance Metrics for Human-Robot Collaboration: An Automotive Manufacturing Case. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Automotive (MetroAutomotive), Bologna, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroAutomotive50197.2021.9502881"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, R.R., and Schreckenghost, D. (2013, January 3\u20136). Survey of metrics for human-robot interaction. Proceedings of the 2013 8th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483569"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinfeld, A., Fong, T., Kaber, D., Lewis, M., Scholtz, J., Schultz, A., and Goodrich, M. (2006, January 2\u20133). Common Metrics for Human-Robot Interaction. Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI\/SIGART Conference on Human-Robot Interaction; Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1121241.1121249"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Pina, P., Cummings, M., Crandall, J., and Della Penna, M. (2008, January 12\u201315). Identifying generalizable metric classes to evaluate human-robot teams. Proceedings of the 3rd Annal Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814565188","article-title":"Analyzing the Effects of Human-Aware Motion Planning on Close-Proximity Human\u2013Robot Collaboration","volume":"57","author":"Lasota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e31802c9098","article-title":"How to Write a Systematic Review","volume":"455","author":"Wright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.-L., Strong, R., and Dooley, K.E. (2021). Analyzing Precision Agriculture Adoption across the Globe: A Systematic Review of Scholarship from 1999\u20132020. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202106.0625.v1"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014","article-title":"Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: Modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement","volume":"65","author":"Hoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.08.020","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors associated with musculoskeletal complaints among users of mobile handheld devices: A systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benos, L., Tsaopoulos, D., and Bochtis, D. (2020). A Review on Ergonomics in Agriculture. Part II: Mechanized Operations. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10103484"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matheson, E., Minto, R., Zampieri, E.G.G., Faccio, M., and Rosati, G. (2019). Human\u2013Robot Collaboration in Manufacturing Applications: A Review. Robotics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics8040100"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.844354","article-title":"A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation","volume":"30","author":"Parasuraman","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A Syst. Hum."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1108\/01439910310492194","article-title":"Human-robot collaboration for improved target recognition of agricultural robots","volume":"30","author":"Bechar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ind. Rob."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574711001020","article-title":"Performance analysis of a human-Robot collaborative target recognition system","volume":"30","author":"Oren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2022.08.010","article-title":"Workload and production assessment in the avocado harvesting process using human-robot collaborative strategies","volume":"223","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bechar, A., Meyer, J., and Edan, Y. (2007, January 7\u201310). An objective function to evaluate performance of human-robot systems for target recognition tasks. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2007.4414015"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2009.2020174","article-title":"An objective function to evaluate performance of human-robot collaboration in target recognition tasks","volume":"39","author":"Bechar","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.3182\/20090603-3-RU-2001.0041","article-title":"Algorithms for dynamic switching of collaborative human-robot system in target recognition tasks","volume":"42","author":"Tkach","year":"2009","journal-title":"IFAC Proc. Vol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2011.2119480","article-title":"Switching between collaboration levels in a human-robot target recognition system","volume":"41","author":"Tkach","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part C Appl. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3182\/20120905-3-HR-2030.00084","article-title":"Human-robot cooperative precision spraying: Collaboration levels and optimization function","volume":"Volume 45","author":"Berenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"IFAC Proceedings Volumes (IFAC-PapersOnline)"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2014.2371048","article-title":"Usability guidelines for the design of robot teleoperation: A taxonomy","volume":"45","author":"Adamides","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum. Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheein, F.A., Herrera, D., Gimenez, J., Carelli, R., Torres-Torriti, M., Rosell-Polo, J.R., Escola, A., and Arno, J. (2015, January 17\u201319). Human-robot interaction in precision agriculture: Sharing the workspace with service units. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, Seville, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2015.7125113"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21721","article-title":"Design and development of a semi-autonomous agricultural vineyard sprayer: Human-robot interaction aspects","volume":"34","author":"Adamides","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21730","article-title":"Human-robot collaborative site-specific sprayer","volume":"34","author":"Berenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montesdeoca, J.C., Toibero, M., and Carelli, R. (2017, January 5\u20138). Person-following based on social navigation into the sensorized environments. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO), Macao, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2017.8324515"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.05.022","article-title":"Agricultural cyber physical system collaboration for greenhouse stress management","volume":"150","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baxter, P., Cielniak, G., Hanheide, M., and From, P.J. (2018, January 5\u20138). Safe Human-Robot Interaction in Agriculture. Proceedings of the ACM\/IEEE International Conference, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3173386.3177072"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2019.06.037","article-title":"A collaborative control protocol for agricultural robot routing with online adaptation","volume":"135","author":"Dusadeerungsikul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.12.568","article-title":"Augmented Reality for Supervising Multirobot System in Agricultural Field Operation","volume":"52","author":"Huuskonen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2019.12.523","article-title":"Risk-averse Optimization for Improving Harvesting Efficiency of Autonomous Systems through Human Collaboration","volume":"52","author":"Rysz","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dusadeerungsikul, P.O., Nof, S., Bechar, A., and Tao, Y. (2019, January 9\u201314). Collaborative Control Protocol for Agricultural Cyber-Physical System. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Production Research Manufacturing Innovation: Cyber Physical Manufacturing, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2020.01.330"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105324","article-title":"Collaboration of human pickers and crop-transporting robots during harvesting\u2014Part I: Model and simulator development","volume":"172","author":"Seyyedhasani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2020.105323","article-title":"Collaboration of human pickers and crop-transporting robots during harvesting\u2014Part II: Simulator evaluation and robot-scheduling case-study","volume":"172","author":"Seyyedhasani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Miyauchi, G., Gomez, S.A., Bird, R., Amar, S.K., Jansen, C., Liu, Z., Parsons, S., and Sklar, E. (2020, January 23\u201326). Toward robot co-labourers for intelligent farming. Proceedings of the Companion of the 2020 ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/3371382.3378333"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, Y.-L., Chen, P.-L., and Yen, P.-L. (2020\u20132, January 29). A Human-Robot Cooperative Vehicle for Tea Plucking. Proceedings of the 2020 7th International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/CoDIT49905.2020.9263925"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anagnostis, A., Benos, L., Tsaopoulos, D., Tagarakis, A., Tsolakis, N., and Bochtis, D. (2021). Human activity recognition through recurrent neural networks for human-robot interaction in agriculture. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052188"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2021.106018","article-title":"A risk-averse optimization approach to human-robot collaboration in robotic fruit harvesting","volume":"182","author":"Rysz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benos, L., Kokkotis, C., Tsatalas, T., Karampina, E., Tsaopoulos, D., and Bochtis, D. (2021). Biomechanical Effects on Lower Extremities in Human-Robot Collaborative Agricultural Tasks. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112411742"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tagarakis, A.C., Benos, L., Aivazidou, E., Anagnostis, A., Kateris, D., and Bochtis, D. (2021). Wearable Sensors for Identifying Activity Signatures in Human-Robot Collaborative Agricultural Environments. Eng. Proc., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/engproc2021009005"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.2887","article-title":"Transitioning towards human\u2013robot synergy in agriculture: A systems thinking perspective","volume":"40","author":"Aivazidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst. Res. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6070285","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6070285","article-title":"Comparing the Performance and Evaluation of Computer Experts and Farmers when Operating Agricultural Robots: A Case of Tangible vs Mouse-Based UIs","volume":"2022","author":"Mallas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Behav. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheridan, T., and Verplank, W. (1978). Human and Computer Control of Undersea Teleoperators, MIT Man-Machine Systems Laboratory. Technical Reports.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA057655"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Gomez, A.S., Bird, R., Kalsi, A.S., Jansen, C., Liu, Z., Miyauchi, G., Parsons, S., and Sklar, E.I. (2020, January 17). Understanding human responses to errors in a collaborative human-robot selective harvesting task. Proceedings of the UKRAS20 Conference: \u201cRobots into the Real World\u201d, Lincoln, UK.","DOI":"10.31256\/Xp9Yb4H"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benos, L., Tagarakis, A.C., Dolias, G., Berruto, R., Kateris, D., and Bochtis, D. (2021). Machine Learning in Agriculture: A Comprehensive Updated Review. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113758"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J.-H., Ji, T.-T., Zhang, S.-B., Yang, J.-K., and Ji, G.-R. (2018, January 3\u20136). Research on the Hand Gesture Recognition Based on Deep Learning. Proceedings of the 2018 12th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory (ISAPE), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISAPE.2018.8634348"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, S., Saxena, R., Han, X., Khan, J.A., and Shin, H. (2017, January 5\u20138). Hand gesture recognition using deep learning. Proceedings of the 2017 International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC), Seoul, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISOCC.2017.8368821"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21780","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3197235","article-title":"Pseudo RGB-D Face Recognition","volume":"22","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.08.030","article-title":"A wearable-based posture recognition system with AI-assisted approach for healthcare IoT","volume":"127","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen, L.B., Germundsson, L.B., Hansen, S.R., Rojas, C., and Kristensen, N.H. (2021). What Skills Do Agricultural Professionals Need in the Transition towards a Sustainable Agriculture? A Qualitative Literature Review. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132413556"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"(2021, December 08). European Parliament Ethical Aspects of Cyber-Physical Systems. Available online: https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/thinktank\/en\/document\/EPRS_STU(2016)563501."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1515\/pjbr-2017-0006","article-title":"Coordination mechanism for integrated design of Human-Robot Interaction scenarios","volume":"8","author":"Ferland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paladyn J. Behav. Robot."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Gasparetto, A., and Ceccarelli, M. (2019). A Two-Step Algorithm for the Dynamic Reduction of Flexible Mechanisms BT\u2014Mechanism Design for Robotics, Springer International Publishing."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/15\/6776\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:21:51Z","timestamp":1760127711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/15\/6776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s23156776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23156776","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]}}}