{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:02Z","timestamp":1785801602978,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Functional integration of the University of Split, PMF\/PFST\/KTF through the development of scientific and research infrastructure in the three faculty (3F) building","award":["KK.01.1.1.02.0018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK.01.1.1.02.0018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring and counting maritime traffic is important for efficient port operations and comprehensive maritime research. However, conventional systems such as the Automatic Identification System (AIS) and Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) often do not provide comprehensive data, especially for the diverse maritime traffic in Mediterranean ports. The paper proposes a real-time vessel counting system using land-based cameras is proposed for maritime traffic monitoring in ports, such as the Port of Split, Croatia. The system consists of a YOLOv4 Convolutional Neural Network (NN), trained and validated on the new SPSCD dataset, that classifies the vessels into 12 categories. Further, the Kalman tracker with Hungarian Assignment (HA) algorithm is used as a multi-target tracker. A stability assessment is proposed to complement the tracking algorithm to reduce false positives by unwanted objects (non-vessels). The evaluation results show that the system has an average counting accuracy of 97.76% and an average processing speed of 31.78 frames per second, highlighting its speed, robustness, and effectiveness. In addition, the proposed system captured 386% more maritime traffic data than conventional AIS systems, highlighting its immense potential for supporting comprehensive maritime research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T02:13:32Z","timestamp":1690769612000},"page":"6777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Every Vessel Counts: Neural Network Based Maritime Traffic Counting System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9365-959X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miro","family":"Petkovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, Ru\u0111era Bo\u0161kovi\u0107a 37, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6649-1461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Vujovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, Ru\u0111era Bo\u0161kovi\u0107a 37, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nediljko","family":"Ka\u0161telan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, Ru\u0111era Bo\u0161kovi\u0107a 37, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5825-8026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u0161ko","family":"\u0160oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, Ru\u0111era Bo\u0161kovi\u0107a 37, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.7225\/toms.v05.n02.004","article-title":"Maritime Traffic on Approach to Port of Split and Assessment of Collision and Grounding Risk","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. 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