{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T14:19:32Z","timestamp":1762957172839,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)","award":["MMUE\/210058 (FRGS\/1\/ 2021\/TK02\/MMU\/02\/1)","MMUE\/190229 (FRGS\/1\/2020\/TK02\/MMU\/03\/1)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMUE\/210058 (FRGS\/1\/ 2021\/TK02\/MMU\/02\/1)","MMUE\/190229 (FRGS\/1\/2020\/TK02\/MMU\/03\/1)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper develops a novel approach for reliable vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in various environments. A switched beam antenna is deployed at the transmitting and receiving points, with a beam management system that concentrates the power in each beam using a low-computation algorithm and a potential mathematical model. The algorithm is designed to be flexible for various environments faced by vehicles. Additionally, an anti-failure system is proposed in case the intelligent transportation system (ITS) system fails to retrieve real-time Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) values related to traffic density. Performance metrics include the time to collision in seconds, the bit error rate (BER), the packet error rate (PER), the average throughput (Mbps), the beam selection probability, and computational complexity factors. The proposed system is compared with traditional systems. Extensive experiments, simulations, and comparisons show that the proposed approach is excellent and reliable for vehicular systems. The proposed study demonstrates an average throughput of 1.7 Mbps, surpassing conventional methods\u2019 typical throughput of 1.35 Mbps. Moreover, the bit error rate (BER) of the proposed study is reduced by a factor of 0.1. Additionally, the proposed framework achieves a beam power efficiency of touching to 100% at computational factor of 34. These metrics indicate that the proposed method is both efficient and sufficiently robust.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T03:30:02Z","timestamp":1690774202000},"page":"6782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluating the Performance of Proposed Switched Beam Antenna Systems in Dynamic V2V Communication Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Tahir H.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Wireless Technology, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun Jiat","family":"Tiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Wireless Technology, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5281-2877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azwan","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Wireless Technology, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3262-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung","family":"Gwo-Chin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Wireless Technology, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2072-069X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinh-Thuan","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Information and Electrical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8329","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2996187","article-title":"Enhancing the fuel-economy of V2I-assisted autonomous driving: A reinforcement learning approach","volume":"69","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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