{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T18:15:49Z","timestamp":1770142549969,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFE0116900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0116900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42175157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FY-APP-2022.0604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY-APP-2022.0604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFE0116900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0116900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42175157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FY-APP-2022.0604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY-APP-2022.0604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fengyun Application Pioneering Project (FY-APP) of China","award":["2021YFE0116900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFE0116900"]}]},{"name":"Fengyun Application Pioneering Project (FY-APP) of China","award":["42175157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42175157"]}]},{"name":"Fengyun Application Pioneering Project (FY-APP) of China","award":["FY-APP-2022.0604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY-APP-2022.0604"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid and accurate identification of precipitation clouds from satellite observations is essential for the research of quantitative precipitation estimation and precipitation nowcasting. In this study, we proposed a novel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based algorithm for precipitation cloud identification (PCINet) in the daytime, nighttime, and nychthemeron. High spatiotemporal and multi-spectral information from the Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) satellite is utilized as the inputs, and a multi-scale structure and skip connection constraint strategy are presented in the framework of the algorithm to improve the precipitation cloud identification. Moreover, the effectiveness of visible\/near-infrared spectral information in improving daytime precipitation cloud identification is explored. To evaluate this algorithm, we compare it with five other deep learning models used for image segmentation and perform qualitative and quantitative analyses of long-time series using data from 2021. In addition, two heavy precipitation events are selected to analyze the spatial distribution of precipitation cloud identification. Statistics and visualization of the experiment results show that the proposed model outperforms the baseline models in this task, and adding visible\/near-infrared spectral information in the daytime can effectively improve model performance. More importantly, the proposed model can provide accurate and near-real-time results, which has important application in observing precipitation clouds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T09:24:24Z","timestamp":1690881864000},"page":"6832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Deep Learning-Based Algorithm for Identifying Precipitation Clouds Using Fengyun-4A Satellite Observation Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Guangyi","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3011-3113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linglong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things Engineering, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8328-8745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenny Thiam Choy","family":"Lim Kam Sian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Science and Remote Sensing, Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Meteorological Information Center, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianming","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tiantai Meteorological Bureau, Taizhou 317200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/2014EO160002","article-title":"Satellites Track Precipitation of Super Typhoon Haiyan","volume":"95","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eos Trans. 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