{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:23:25Z","timestamp":1760149405544,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22176075","21876067","41977333","SJCX20_1408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22176075","21876067","41977333","SJCX20_1408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012154","name":"Graduate Research and Innovation Projects of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22176075","21876067","41977333","SJCX20_1408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22176075","21876067","41977333","SJCX20_1408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012154","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment","award":["22176075","21876067","41977333","SJCX20_1408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22176075","21876067","41977333","SJCX20_1408"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A high-throughput cell-based monitoring platform was fabricated to rapidly measure the specific toxicity of unknown waters, based on AuNPs@aptamer fluorescence bioassays. The aptamer is employed in the platform for capturing the toxicity indicator, wherein hybrid chain-reaction (HCR)-induced DNA functional gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) self-assembly was carried out for signal amplification, which is essential for sensitively measuring the sub-lethal effects caused by target compounds. Moreover, the excellent stability given by the synthesized DNA nanostructure provides mild conditions for the aptamer thus used to bind the analyte. Herein, ATP was treated as a toxicity indicator and verified using lead-caused cell damage as a model. Under optimized conditions, excellent performance for water sample measurement was observed, yielding satisfactory accuracy (recovery rate: 82.69\u2013114.20%; CV, 2.57%\u20134.65%) and sensitivity (LOD, 0.26 \u00b5M) without sample pretreatment other than filtration, indicating the method\u2019s simplicity, high efficiency, and reliability. Most importantly, this bioassay could be used as a universal platform to encourage its application in the rapid quantification of specific toxicity in varied sources of samples, ranging from drinking water to highly contaminated wastewater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T11:23:03Z","timestamp":1691061783000},"page":"6877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Throughput Effect-Directed Monitoring Platform for Specific Toxicity Quantification of Unknown Waters: Lead-Caused Cell Damage as a Model Using a DNA Hybrid Chain-Reaction-Induced AuNPs@aptamer Self-Assembly Assay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jiaxuan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"given":"Kuijing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian Center for Food and Drug Control and Certification, Dalian 116037, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3123-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China"}]},{"given":"Dali","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay6636","article-title":"Tracking complex mixtures of chemicals in our changing environment","volume":"367","author":"Escher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c05546","article-title":"Toxicity Testing of Effluent-Dominated Stream Using Predictive Molecular-Level Toxicity Signatures Based on High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: A Case Study of the Lubbock Canyon Lake System","volume":"55","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10048","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01297","article-title":"Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance To Diagnose Hazardous Chemicals in Multiple Contaminated Aquatic Systems","volume":"49","author":"Rotter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-017-0012-y","article-title":"Integrating tools for non-targeted analysis research and chemical safety evaluations at the US EPA","volume":"28","author":"Sobus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113863","article-title":"Reusable smartphone-facilitated mobile fluorescence biosensor for rapid and sensitive on-site quantitative detection of trace pollutants","volume":"199","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.11.102","article-title":"Effect-directed analysis supporting monitoring of aquatic environments--An in-depth overview","volume":"544","author":"Brack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c00014","article-title":"Effect-Directed Analysis (EDA): A Promising Tool for Nontarget Identification of Unknown Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water","volume":"54","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.11.005","article-title":"Diagnosis of complex mixture toxicity in sediments: Application of toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) and effect-directed analysis (EDA)","volume":"237","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8890","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c01504","article-title":"Application of the Sea Urchin Embryo Test in Toxicity Evaluation and Effect-Directed Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents","volume":"54","author":"Mijangos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12528","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03324","article-title":"Extended Virtual Screening Strategies To Link Antiandrogenic Activities and Detected Organic Contaminants in Soils","volume":"51","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14479","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02732","article-title":"Smarter Sediment Screening: Effect-Based Quality Assessment, Chemical Profiling, and Risk Identification","volume":"53","author":"Wieringa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8989","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b00558","article-title":"Critical Review: DNA Aptasensors, Are They Ready for Monitoring Organic Pollutants in Natural and Treated Water Sources?","volume":"52","author":"Akki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2200121","article-title":"Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase","volume":"249","author":"Tuerk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7267","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab574","article-title":"Diverse high-affinity DNA aptamers for wild-type and B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins from a pre-structured DNA library","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.107000","article-title":"Novel ssDNA aptamer-based fluorescence sensor for perfluorooctanoic acid detection in water","volume":"158","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112873","article-title":"Design of ultrathin nanosheet subunits ZnIn(2)S(4) hollow nanocages with enhanced photoelectric conversion for ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical sensing","volume":"175","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3874","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b05343","article-title":"DNAzyme-Triggered Visual and Ratiometric Electrochemiluminescence Dual-Readout Assay for Pb(II) Based on an Assembled Paper Device","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15335","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b03853","article-title":"Perspective on the Future Role of Aptamers in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2019.1634457","article-title":"Aptamer based tools for environmental and therapeutic monitoring: A review of developments, applications, future perspectives","volume":"50","author":"Wieczerzak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12951","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b03253","article-title":"DNA Polymer Nanoparticles Programmed via Supersandwich Hybridization for Imaging and Therapy of Cancer Cells","volume":"90","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39624","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b14186","article-title":"pH-Controlled Intracellular in Situ Reversible Assembly of a Photothermal Agent for Smart Chemo-Photothermal Synergetic Therapy and ATP Imaging","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125559","article-title":"Oligonucleotide-modified gold nanoparticles for intracellular gene regulation","volume":"312","author":"Rosi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9471","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b04885","article-title":"Freezing Directed Construction of Bio\/Nano Interfaces: Reagentless Conjugation, Denser Spherical Nucleic Acids, and Better Nanoflares","volume":"139","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1021\/nl802958f","article-title":"Polyvalent DNA nanoparticle conjugates stabilize nucleic acids","volume":"9","author":"Seferos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3258","DOI":"10.1021\/nl901517b","article-title":"Aptamer nano-flares for molecular detection in living cells","volume":"9","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft102","article-title":"Mitochondria as a target of environmental toxicants","volume":"134","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9125","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b01537","article-title":"Visualizing miR-155 To Monitor Breast Tumorigenesis and Response to Chemotherapeutic Drugs by a Self-Assembled Photoacoustic Nanoprobe","volume":"90","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9355","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b02864","article-title":"DNA-Programmed Quantum Dot Polymerization for Ultrasensitive Molecular Imaging of Cancer Cells","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13712","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b03004","article-title":"Jungle on the Electrode: A Target-Induced Enzyme-Free and Label-Free Biosensor","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b05741","article-title":"Single-Nanoparticle ICPMS DNA Assay Based on Hybridization-Chain-Reaction-Mediated Spherical Nucleic Acid Assembly","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b01247","article-title":"Assembly of DNA Probes into Superstructures for Dramatically Enhancing Enzymatic Stability and Signal-to-Background Ratio","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Sens."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/15\/6877\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:24:49Z","timestamp":1760127889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/15\/6877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s23156877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23156877","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]}}}