{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T08:58:06Z","timestamp":1767085086263,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPq via taxa de bancada (the student extra support funding) of doctoral scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel graphene antenna composed of a graphene dipole and four auxiliary graphene sheets oriented at 90\u2218 to each other is proposed and analyzed. The sheets play the role of reflectors. A detailed group-theoretical analysis of symmetry properties of the discussed antennas has been completed. Through electric field control of the chemical potentials of the graphene elements, the antenna can provide a quasi-omnidirectional diagram, a one- or two-directional beam regime, dynamic control of the beam width and, due to the vertical orientation of the dipole with respect to the base substrate, a 360\u2218 beam steering in the azimuth plane. An additional graphene layer on the base permits control of the radiation pattern in the \u03b8-direction. Radiation patterns in different working states of the antenna are considered using symmetry arguments. We discuss the antenna parameters such as input reflection coefficient, total efficiency, front-to-back ratio, and gain. An equivalent circuit of the antenna is suggested. The proposed antenna operates at frequencies between 1.75 THz and 2.03 THz. Depending on the active regime defined by the chemical potentials set on the antenna graphene elements, the maximum gain varies from 0.86 to 1.63.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T11:23:03Z","timestamp":1691061783000},"page":"6900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multifunctional THz Graphene Antenna with 360\u2218 Continuous \u03d5-Steering and \u03b8-Control of Beam"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7715-7300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Dmitriev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering (PPGEE), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7178-6387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo M. S.","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering (PPGEE), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5346-902X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo R.","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering (PPGEE), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7219-601X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilton R. N. M.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering (PPGEE), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, PA, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diamond.2022.108881","article-title":"Sensing and slow light applications based on graphene metasurface in terahertz","volume":"123","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diam. Relat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7015","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b03625","article-title":"Terahertz Detection and Imaging Using Graphene Ballistic Rectifiers","volume":"17","author":"Auton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Gupta, V. (2018). 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