{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T05:29:25Z","timestamp":1781242165200,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monitoring shoulder kinematics, including the scapular segment, is of great relevance in the orthopaedic field. Among wearable systems, magneto-inertial measurement units (M-IMUs) represent a valid alternative for applications in unstructured environments. The aim of this systematic literature review is to report and describe the existing methods to estimate 3D scapular movements through wearable systems integrating M-IMUs. A comprehensive search of PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science was performed, and results were included up to May 2023. A total of 14 articles was included. The results showed high heterogeneity among studies regarding calibration procedures, tasks executed, and the population. Two different techniques were described, i.e., with the x-axis aligned with the cranial edge of the scapular spine or positioned on the flat surface of the acromion with the x-axis perpendicular to the scapular spine. Sensor placement affected the scapular motion and, also, the kinematic output. Further studies should be conducted to establish a universal protocol that reduces the variability among studies. Establishing a protocol that can be carried out without difficulty or pain by patients with shoulder musculoskeletal disorders could be of great clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to monitor 3D scapular kinematics in unstructured settings or during common clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T09:28:29Z","timestamp":1691141309000},"page":"6940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Monitoring Scapular Kinematics through Wearable Magneto-Inertial Measurement Units: State of the Art and New Frontiers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Carla","family":"Antonacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via \u00c1lvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via \u00c1lvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4063-9821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umile Giuseppe","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via \u00c1lvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via \u00c1lvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ara","family":"Nazarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 20115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9696-1265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano","family":"Schena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via \u00c1lvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4543-1149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Carnevale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via \u00c1lvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.09.012","article-title":"In vivo 3-dimensional analysis of scapular kinematics: Comparison of dominant and nondominant shoulders","volume":"20","author":"Matsuki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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