{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T00:26:07Z","timestamp":1783124767483,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE)","award":["P0016038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0016038"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE)","award":["IITP-2022-RS-2022-00156354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2022-RS-2022-00156354"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE)","award":["PNURSP2023R40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R40"]}]},{"name":"MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea","award":["P0016038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0016038"]}]},{"name":"MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea","award":["IITP-2022-RS-2022-00156354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2022-RS-2022-00156354"]}]},{"name":"MSIT (Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea","award":["PNURSP2023R40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R40"]}]},{"name":"IITP (Institute for Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation)","award":["P0016038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0016038"]}]},{"name":"IITP (Institute for Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation)","award":["IITP-2022-RS-2022-00156354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2022-RS-2022-00156354"]}]},{"name":"IITP (Institute for Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation)","award":["PNURSP2023R40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R40"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order for a country\u2019s economy to grow, agricultural development is essential. Plant diseases, however, severely hamper crop growth rate and quality. In the absence of domain experts and with low contrast information, accurate identification of these diseases is very challenging and time-consuming. This leads to an agricultural management system in need of a method for automatically detecting disease at an early stage. As a consequence of dimensionality reduction, CNN-based models use pooling layers, which results in the loss of vital information, including the precise location of the most prominent features. In response to these challenges, we propose a fine-tuned technique, GreenViT, for detecting plant infections and diseases based on Vision Transformers (ViTs). Similar to word embedding, we divide the input image into smaller blocks or patches and feed these to the ViT sequentially. Our approach leverages the strengths of ViTs in order to overcome the problems associated with CNN-based models. Experiments on widely used benchmark datasets were conducted to evaluate the proposed GreenViT performance. Based on the obtained experimental outcomes, the proposed technique outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) CNN models for detecting plant diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T09:28:29Z","timestamp":1691141309000},"page":"6949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Visual Intelligence in Precision Agriculture: Exploring Plant Disease Detection via Efficient Vision Transformers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4935-5511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sana","family":"Parez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4319-6790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naqqash","family":"Dilshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent Drone, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6421-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norah Saleh","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1314-7146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Turki M.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9425-2601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong Weon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Bank (2023, June 05). World Bank Survey. Available online: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, June 05). 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