{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T15:09:13Z","timestamp":1781363353303,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Government","award":["PID2020-116968RB-C32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-116968RB-C32"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Government","award":["TED2021-130650B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-130650B-C21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two types of cost-efficient antennas based on dielectric gradient index dielectric lens have been designed for 5G applications at 28\u00a0GHz. The first is a linearly polarized flat lens antenna (LP-FLA) for terrestrial 5G communications. The second is a novel circularly polarized stepped lens antenna (CP-SLA) for 5G satellite services. An efficient design method is presented to optimize and conform the lens topology to the radiation pattern coming from the antenna feeder. The LP-FLA is fed by a traditional linearly polarized pyramidal horn antenna (PHA). The CP-SLA is fed by an open-ended bow-tie waveguide cavity (BCA) antenna. This cavity feeder (BCA), using cross-sections with bow-tie shapes, allows having circular polarization at the desired frequency bandwidth. The two types of presented antennas have been manufactured in order to verify their performance by an easy, low-cost, three-dimensional (3D) printing technique based on stereolithography. The peak realized gain value for the flat (LP-FLA) and stepped (CP-SLA) lens antennas have been increased at 28\u00a0GHz to 25.2 and 24.8\u00a0dBi, respectively, by disposing the lens structures at the appropriated distance from the feeders. Likewise, using an array of horns (PHA) or open-ended bow-tie waveguide cavity (BCA) antenna feeders, it is possible to obtain a maximum steering angle range of 20\u00b0 and 35\u00b0, for a directivity over 15\u00a0dBi and 10\u00a0dBi, in the planar and stepped lens antennas, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]],"date-time":"2023-08-05T10:25:36Z","timestamp":1691231136000},"page":"6961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Beam Steering 3D Printed Dielectric Lens Antennas for Millimeter-Wave and 5G Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2099-1713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asrin","family":"Piroutiniya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of RadioFrequency: Circuits and Systems (RFCAS), Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8966-8212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Hosein","family":"Rasekhmanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of RadioFrequency: Circuits and Systems (RFCAS), Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7382-5842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Masa-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of RadioFrequency: Circuits and Systems (RFCAS), Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8113-9567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"L\u00f3pez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of RadioFrequency: Circuits and Systems (RFCAS), Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0234-7767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of RadioFrequency: Circuits and Systems (RFCAS), Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2322-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Tamayo-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Procesado de la Informaci\u00f3n y Telecomunicaciones, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n (ETSIT), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7370-3095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Procesado de la Informaci\u00f3n y Telecomunicaciones, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n (ETSIT), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3909-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Ruiz-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group of RadioFrequency: Circuits and Systems (RFCAS), Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z.N., Liu, D., Nakano, H., Qing, X., and Zwick, T. 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