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However, it is unknown whether these methods are generalizable to the upper extremity due to differences in motion dynamics. Furthermore, the extent that post-processed sensor fusion algorithms can improve measurement accuracy relative to more commonly used Kalman filter-based methods remains unknown. This study calculated the elbow and wrist joint angles of 13 participants performing a simple \u226530 min material transfer task at three rates (slow, medium, fast) using IMUs and kinematic constraints. The best-performing sensor fusion algorithm produced total root mean square errors (i.e., encompassing all three motion planes) of 6.6\u00b0, 3.6\u00b0, and 2.0\u00b0 for the slow, medium, and fast transfer rates for the elbow and 2.2\u00b0, 1.7\u00b0, and 1.5\u00b0 for the wrist, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T10:30:48Z","timestamp":1691577048000},"page":"7053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Drift-Free Joint Angle Calculation Using Inertial Measurement Units without Magnetometers: An Exploration of Sensor Fusion Methods for the Elbow and Wrist"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8628-7847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Howard","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial & Systems Engineering and Engineering Management Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2516-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Mark C.","family":"Schall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}]},{"given":"Scott M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}]},{"given":"Nathan B.","family":"Fethke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103356","article-title":"Comparing Upper Arm and Trunk Kinematics between Manufacturing Workers Performing Predominantly Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Work Tasks","volume":"93","author":"Schall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. 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