{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T15:47:26Z","timestamp":1766159246261,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Brunswick Innovation Fund, Mitacs Accelerate program"},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"name":"Bradley Engineering Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The structural condition of hydroelectric tunnels is important to the overall performance, safety, and longevity of generating stations. Significant effort is required to inspect, monitor, and maintain these tunnels. Photogrammetry is an effective method of collecting highly accurate visual and spatial data. However, it also presents the complex challenge of positioning a camera at thousands of difficult-to-reach locations throughout the large and varying-diameter tunnels. A semi-automated robotic camera positioning system was developed to enhance the collection of images within hydroelectric tunnels for photogrammetric inspections. A continuous spiral image network was developed to optimize the collection speed within the bounds of photography and capture-in-motion constraints. The positioning system and image network optimization reduce the time and effort required while providing the ability to adapt to different and varying tunnel diameters. To demonstrate, over 28,000 images were captured at a ground sampling distance of 0.4 mm in the 822 m long concrete-lined section of the Grand Falls Generating Station intake tunnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T10:52:40Z","timestamp":1691664760000},"page":"7079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Architecture for a Mobile Robotic Camera Positioning System for Photogrammetric Data Acquisition in Hydroelectric Tunnels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0741-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Keizer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rickey","family":"Dubay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lloyd","family":"Waugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cody","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradley Engineering Ltd., Estey\u2019s Bridge, NB E3G 6M7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bradley, C. 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