{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T15:01:10Z","timestamp":1777129270384,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Icelandic Centre for Research (RANNIS)","award":["239858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["239858"]}]},{"name":"Icelandic Centre for Research (RANNIS)","award":["2020\/37\/B\/ST7\/01448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/37\/B\/ST7\/01448"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre of Poland","award":["239858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["239858"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre of Poland","award":["2020\/37\/B\/ST7\/01448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/37\/B\/ST7\/01448"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a novel approach to reducing undesirable coupling in antenna arrays using custom-designed resonators and inverse surrogate modeling. To illustrate the concept, two standard patch antenna cells with 0.07\u03bb edge-to-edge distance were designed and fabricated to operate at 2.45 GHz. A stepped-impedance resonator was applied between the antennas to suppress their mutual coupling. For the first time, the optimum values of the resonator geometry parameters were obtained using the proposed inverse artificial neural network (ANN) model, constructed from the sampled EM-simulation data of the system, and trained using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The inverse ANN surrogate directly yields the optimum resonator dimensions based on the target values of its S-parameters being the input parameters of the model. The involvement of surrogate modeling also contributes to the acceleration of the design process, as the array does not need to undergo direct EM-driven optimization. The obtained results indicate a remarkable cancellation of the surface currents between two antennas at their operating frequency, which translates into isolation as high as \u221246.2 dB at 2.45 GHz, corresponding to over 37 dB improvement as compared to the conventional setup.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T10:52:40Z","timestamp":1691664760000},"page":"7089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Mutual Coupling Reduction in Antenna Arrays Using Artificial Intelligence Approach and Inverse Neural Network Surrogates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4024-2755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Roshani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah 67771, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9063-2647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slawomir","family":"Koziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, Reykjavik University, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland"},{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2724-5118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salah I.","family":"Yahya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication and Computer Engineering, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Koya University, Koya 46017, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Akmal","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7121-495X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yazeed Yasin","family":"Ghadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Software Engineering and Computer Science Department, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5088-499X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sobhan","family":"Roshani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah 67771, Iran"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Golunski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4328","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2016.2591058","article-title":"Mutual coupling reduction by novel fractal defected ground structure bandgap filter","volume":"64","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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