{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:36:01Z","timestamp":1780540561028,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The advent of robotic surgical systems had a significant impact on every surgical area, especially urology, gynecology, and general and cardiac surgery. The aim of this article is to delineate robotic surgery, particularly focusing on its historical background, its evolution, its present status, and its future perspectives. A comprehensive literature review was conducted upon PubMed\/MEDLINE, using the keywords \u201crobotic surgical system\u201d, \u201crobotic surgical device\u201d, \u201crobotics AND urology\u201d. Additionally, the retrieved articles\u2019 reference lists were investigated. Analysis concentrated on urological surgical systems for laparoscopic surgery that have been given regulatory approval for use on humans. From the late 1980s, before daVinci\u00ae Era in 2000s, ancestor platform as Probot\u00ae and PUMA 560 were described to outline historical perspective. Thus, new robotic competitors of Intuitive Surgical such as Senhance\u00ae, Revo-I\u00ae, Versius\u00ae, Avatera\u00ae, Hinotori\u00ae, and HugoTM RAS were illustrated. Although daVinci\u00ae had high level competitiveness, and for many years represented the most plausible option for robotic procedures, several modern platforms are emerging in the surgical market. Growing competition through unique features of the new robotic technologies might extend applications fields, improve diffusion, and increase cost-effectiveness procedures. More experiences are needed to identify the role of these new advancements in surgical branches and in healthcare systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]],"date-time":"2023-08-11T12:10:23Z","timestamp":1691755823000},"page":"7104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Robotic Surgery in Urology: History from PROBOT\u00ae to HUGOTM"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9643-8979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Brassetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9765-0947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Ragusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Tedesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3084-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Prata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loris","family":"Cacciatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Iannuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5139-9993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo Maria","family":"Bove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Anceschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6478-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Proietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"D\u2019Annunzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco Simone","family":"Flammia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8821-8201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Chiacchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariaconsiglia","family":"Ferriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Guaglianone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Mastroianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Misuraca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Tuderti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4868-9025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS \u201cRegina Elena\u201d National Cancer Institute, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-007-0021-2","article-title":"A History of Robots: From Science Fiction to Surgical Robotics","volume":"1","author":"Hockstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Robot. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3543-9","article-title":"30 Years of Robotic Surgery","volume":"40","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Goertz, R.C. (1953). Remote-Control Manipulator. (US Patent 2632574), US Patent Office: Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"36","article-title":"Fundamentals of General Purpose Remote Manipulators","volume":"1001","author":"Goertz","year":"1952","journal-title":"Nucleonics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1109\/10.1354","article-title":"A Robot with Improved Absolute Positioning Accuracy for CT Guided Stereotactic Brain Surgery","volume":"35","author":"Kwoh","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1243\/PIME_PROC_1991_205_259_02","article-title":"The Development of a Surgeon Robot for Prostatectomies","volume":"205","author":"Davies","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.904666","article-title":"Robotic Surgery: Fast Forward to Telemedicine","volume":"23","author":"Stefano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1243\/0954411971534449","article-title":"The Probot\u2014An Active Robot for Prostate Resection","volume":"211","author":"Harris","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. H"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199212000-00010","article-title":"Development of a Surgical Robot for Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty","volume":"285","author":"Paul","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02909496","article-title":"Robotically Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery. From Concept to Development","volume":"8","author":"Sackier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"63","article-title":"Robots in the Operating Room\u2014The History","volume":"11","author":"Ewing","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Laparosc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00705739","article-title":"AESOP Robotic Arm","volume":"8","author":"Unger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.70580","article-title":"Robotic Instrumentation: Evolution and Microsurgical Applications","volume":"26","author":"Parekattil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1109\/51.391769","article-title":"Telepresence Surgery","volume":"14","author":"Green","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Zajtchuk, R.G.C. (1995). Part IV. Surgical Combat Casualty Care: Anesthesia and Perioperative Care of the Combat Casualty, Vol. 1. Textbook of Military Medicine, Office of The Surgeon General at TMM Publications."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018.00039","DOI":"10.4293\/JSLS.2018.00039","article-title":"Origins of Robotic Surgery: From Skepticism to Standard of Care","volume":"22","author":"George","year":"2018","journal-title":"JSLS"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(03)00168-3","article-title":"Robotic Surgery: From Past to Future\u2014A Personal Journey","volume":"83","author":"Satava","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66715-6","article-title":"Comparison of Robotic versus Human Laparoscopic Camera Control","volume":"154","author":"Kavoussi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"409","article-title":"Voice-Controlled Robotic Arm in Laparoscopic Surgery","volume":"40","author":"Schultz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(99)70134-0","article-title":"Use of the Voice-Controlled and Computer-Assisted Surgical System ZEUS for Endoscopic Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting","volume":"118","author":"Reichenspurner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20202798","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-6991e-20202798","article-title":"The History of Robotic Surgery and Its Evolution: When Illusion Becomes Reality","volume":"48","author":"Morrell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Col. Bras. Cir."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(03)00169-5","article-title":"The ZEUS Robotic System: Experimental and Clinical Applications","volume":"83","author":"Marescaux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.1999.9.107","article-title":"Full Robotic Assistance for Laparoscopic Tubal Anastomosis: A Case Report","volume":"9","author":"Falcone","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S330","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2002.120119","article-title":"A New Era of Robotic Surgery Assisted by a Computer-Enhanced Surgical System","volume":"131","author":"Hashizume","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2004.08.020","article-title":"Robotic Abdominal Surgery","volume":"188","author":"Hanly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C.H. (2014). Robotics in General Surgery, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-8739-5"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/35096636","article-title":"Transatlantic Robot-Assisted Telesurgery","volume":"413","author":"Marescaux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-003-0038-7","article-title":"Vattikuti Institute Prostatectomy: Surgical Technique and Current Results","volume":"4","author":"Tewari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Urol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-016-0660-2","article-title":"Robotic-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy Provides Better Operative Outcomes as Compared to the Laparoscopic and Open Approaches: Results from a Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"11","author":"Luciani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Robot. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0b013e32830fe43d","article-title":"Robotic Renal and Upper Tract Reconstruction","volume":"18","author":"Hyams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2014.09.009","article-title":"The Robotic Appendicovesicostomy and Bladder Augmentation: The next Frontier in Robotics, Are We There?","volume":"42","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2023, June 24). Robot Wars: $60B Intuitive Surgical Dominated Its Market for 20 Years. Now Rivals like Alphabet Are Moving in. Available online: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/michelatindera\/2019\/02\/14\/intuitive-surgical-stock-robot-surgery-da-vinci-alphabet-jnj-ceo-gary-guthart\/#565d4979a37b."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2015, October 30). US Food and Drug Administration (2000) 510 (k) Clearances, Available online: http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfpmn\/pmn.cfm?ID=K990144."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-013-3377-6","article-title":"The Influence of Fluorescence Imaging on the Location of Bowel Transection during Robotic Left-Sided Colorectal Surgery","volume":"28","author":"Hellan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1468","article-title":"Technical Review of the Da Vinci Surgical Telemanipulator","volume":"9","author":"Freschi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Robot."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2008.05.012","article-title":"Robotic Surgery","volume":"88","author":"Oleynikov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/ases.12660","article-title":"New Era of Robotic Surgical Systems","volume":"11","author":"Gosrisirikul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Endosc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolvj.2023.100233","article-title":"Robot-Assisted Transperitoneal Repair of a Recto-Vesical Fistula, a Case Report","volume":"19","author":"Brassetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urol. Video J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2017.09.049","article-title":"Robotic-Assisted Single-Port Donor Nephrectomy Using the Da Vinci Single-Site Platform","volume":"222","author":"LaMattina","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-018-0839-9","article-title":"Robotic Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Radical Prostatectomy (R-LESS-RP) with DaVinci Single-Site\u00ae Platform. Concept and Evolution of the Technique Following an IDEAL Phase 1","volume":"13","author":"Gaboardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Robot. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-02898-1","article-title":"Single-Port Robotic Surgery: The next Generation of Minimally Invasive Urology","volume":"38","author":"Dobbs","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.01.005","article-title":"Technical Modifications Necessary to Implement the Da Vinci Single-Port Robotic System","volume":"78","author":"Bhat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.04.001","article-title":"Initial Experience with Da Vinci Single-Port Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomies","volume":"77","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14744","article-title":"Step-by-Step Technique for Single-Port Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy and Pelvic Lymph Nodes Dissection Using the Da Vinci\u00ae SPTM Surgical System","volume":"124","author":"Kaouk","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2020.01.19","article-title":"Single Port Robotic Radical Cystectomy with Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion: A Case Series and Review","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2016.05.008","article-title":"Total Laparoscopic (S-LPS) versus TELELAP ALF-X Robotic-Assisted Hysterectomy: A Case-Control Study","volume":"23","author":"Fanfani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13882","article-title":"First Experience in Colorectal Surgery with a New Robotic Platform with Haptic Feedback","volume":"20","author":"Spinelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-018-2213-y","article-title":"Robotic Surgery: New Robots and Finally Some Real Competition!","volume":"36","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.08.031","article-title":"Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy with the ALF-X Robot on Pig Models","volume":"69","author":"Bozzini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2019.60.556","article-title":"Extraperitoneal Radical Prostatectomy with the Senhance Surgical System Robotic Platform","volume":"60","author":"Hudolin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-019-01000-6","article-title":"Robotic Surgery Using Senhance\u00ae Robotic Platform: Single Center Experience with First 100 Cases","volume":"14","author":"Samalavicius","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Robot. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-5357-0","article-title":"Robotic Cholecystectomy Using Revo-i Model MSR-5000, the Newly Developed Korean Robotic Surgical System: A Preclinical Study","volume":"31","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.11.024","article-title":"Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy with the REVO-I Robot Platform in Porcine Models","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14245","article-title":"Retzius-Sparing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy Using the Revo-i Robotic Surgical System: Surgical Technique and Results of the First Human Trial","volume":"122","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2020.01.011","article-title":"Preclinical Evaluation of the Versius Surgical System, a New Robot-Assisted Surgical Device for Use in Minimal Access Renal and Prostate Surgery","volume":"7","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-020-07622-4","article-title":"Preclinical Evaluation of the Versius Surgical System, a New Robot-Assisted Surgical Device for Use in Minimal Access General and Colorectal Procedures","volume":"35","author":"Morton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-018-6079-2","article-title":"Review of Emerging Surgical Robotic Technology","volume":"32","author":"Peters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s11701-020-01127-x","article-title":"Feasibility of Robotic Radical Hysterectomy (RRH) with a New Robotic System. Experience at Galaxy Care Laparoscopy Institute","volume":"15","author":"Puntambekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Robot. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2023, June 26). Medicaroid\u2019s Hinotori Surgical Robot System Approved in Japan. Available online: http:\/\/surgrob.blogspot.com\/2020\/08\/medicaroids-hinotori-surgical-robot.html."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2023, June 26). News-Detail\u2014Avateramedical. Available online: https:\/\/www.avatera.eu\/en\/company\/news\/detail?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=19&cHash=0b499a1adf30ef40b4d441aa562e0a7b."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2020, August 13). Available online: https:\/\/www.Medicaroid.Com\/En\/Product\/Hinotori\/."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2020, October 17). Available online: http:\/\/Surgrob.Blogspot.Com\/2020\/08\/Medicaroids-Hinotori-Surgical-Robot.Html."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2022.0015","article-title":"Evaluation of Hugo RAS System in Major Urologic Surgery: Our Initial Experience","volume":"36","author":"Ragavan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2022.0461","article-title":"Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy Utilizing Hugo RAS Platform: Initial Experience","volume":"37","author":"Ragavan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-023-04336-9","article-title":"Initial Experience of Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy with HugoTM RAS System: Implications for Surgical Setting","volume":"41","author":"Gallioli","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prata, F., Ragusa, A., Anceschi, U., Civitella, A., Tuzzolo, P., Tedesco, F., Cacciatore, L., Iannuzzi, A., Call\u00e8, P., and Raso, G. (2023). Hugo RAS Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy for High-Nephrometry Score Complex Renal Mass: Case Report and Surgical Technique. Videourology, 37.","DOI":"10.1089\/vid.2023.0019"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esperto, F., Cacciatore, L., Tedesco, F., Testa, A., Call\u00e8, P., Ragusa, A., Deanesi, N., Minore, A., Prata, F., and Brassetti, A. (2023). Impact of Robotic Technologies on Prostate Cancer Patients\u2019 Choice for Radical Treatment. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13050794"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/16\/7104\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:31:16Z","timestamp":1760128276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/23\/16\/7104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s23167104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23167104","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,11]]}}}